问题详细描述
我想在Ubuntu上安装最新的Python压缩包（从http://python.org/download/下载）。
下面的命令正确的安装方式吗？
./configure
make
make install
如果不是，我该如何做？
最佳解决办法
首先，安装一些依赖项：
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
然后使用以下命令下载：
version=2.7.13
cd ~/Downloads/
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/$version/Python-$version.tgz
解压并cd到相应的目录：
tar -xvf Python-$version.tgz
cd Python-$version
然后，使用之前尝试的命令来安装，即checkinstall，这中安装方式的好处是在需要时更容易卸载：
./configure
make
sudo checkinstall
注意，上面的环境变量version可以改为任意需要的版本(例如version=2.7.1或version=3.6.0)。
次佳解决办法
除非你特别想要尝试自己编译安装，否则首选的方法是使用DeadSnakes PPA来安装非默认版本的Python：
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python2.7
当然，其他版本，如python2.4或python3.6等等，在上面的命令中也可用。
第三种解决思路(全面，长文慎入)
这是对最佳方案的补充，术语libread5-dev应改为libreadline-gplv2-dev。所以完整的命令是：
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
第四种办法
对于Ubuntu 16.04.1服务器，默认的Python是3.5版本，默认情况下不安装Python 2.7。注意，在新版本服务器上，甚至没有python的可执行文件)：
$ type python3 python2 python
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
-bash: type: python2: not found
-bash: type: python: not found
$ python3 --version
Python 3.5.2
$ python --version
The program 'python' can be found in the following packages:
* python-minimal
* python3
Try: sudo apt install <selected package>
安装python 2.7的命令很简单：
$ sudo apt-get install python2.7
安装python 2.7的初始输出如下：
$ sudo apt-get install python2.7
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python2.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
python2.7-doc binutils binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python2.7 python2.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,735 kB of archives.
After this operation, 15.8 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
...etc, etc...
安装了python 2.7之后，
$ type python3 python2.7 python3.5 python2 python
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python2.7 is /usr/bin/python2.7
python3.5 is /usr/bin/python3.5
bash: type: python2: not found
bash: type: python: not found
好了2.7安装好了。但是还有一个问题：不能通过pip安装PyPI模块 – 例如，如果您想要使用jupyter notebook或最新的scipy或numpy(etc)，则需要安装pip，然后通过pip install安装前述功能。当然，还得使用apt-get安装所需的系统依赖关系，如graphviz或核心系统库。
$ type pip3 pip2 pip
bash: type: pip3: not found
bash: type: pip2: not found
bash: type: pip: not found
$ python3 -m pip --version
/usr/bin/python3: No module named pip
所以要安装pip，命令是sudo apt-get install python-pip，也很简单：
$ sudo apt-cache search -n pip | egrep '^python[0-9]*-pip'
python-pip - alternative Python package installer
python-pip-whl - alternative Python package installer
python3-pip - alternative Python package installer - Python 3 version of the package
需要为Python 2.7 pip安装python-pip，也要为Python 3 pip的python3-pip。通过apt-get确保安装所需的依赖项;例如，这里是安装pip2的输出：
$ sudo apt-get install python-pip
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
binutils build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl
libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev
libgomp1 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpx0 libpython-all-dev libpython-dev libpython-stdlib libpython2.7
libpython2.7-dev libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev make
manpages-dev python python-all python-all-dev python-dev python-minimal python-pip-whl
python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-wheel python2.7-dev
Suggested packages:
binutils-doc debian-keyring g++-multilib g++-5-multilib gcc-5-doc libstdc++6-5-dbg gcc-multilib
autoconf automake libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-5-multilib gcc-5-locales libgcc1-dbg
libgomp1-dbg libitm1-dbg libatomic1-dbg libasan2-dbg liblsan0-dbg libtsan0-dbg libubsan0-dbg
libcilkrts5-dbg libmpx0-dbg libquadmath0-dbg glibc-doc libstdc++-5-doc make-doc python-doc
python-tk python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
binutils build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl
libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev
libgomp1 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpx0 libpython-all-dev libpython-dev libpython-stdlib libpython2.7
libpython2.7-dev libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev make
manpages-dev python python-all python-all-dev python-dev python-minimal python-pip
python-pip-whl python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-wheel python2.7-dev
0 upgraded, 49 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 61.1 MB of archives.
After this operation, 169 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
...etc...
有趣的是：现在有了”standard(标准的)”(PEP推荐)python2和python3(不过它们只是python 2.7和python 3.5的符号链接)：
$ type python3 python2 python python2.7 python3.5
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python2 is /usr/bin/python2
python is /usr/bin/python
python2.7 is /usr/bin/python2.7
python3.5 is /usr/bin/python3.5
上面是pip2，pip3的话要执行sudo apt-get install python3-pip;在安装pip3之前：
$ type pip pip2 pip3
pip is /usr/bin/pip
pip2 is /usr/bin/pip2
-bash: type: pip3: not found
$ python2 -m pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
$ python3 -m pip --version
/usr/bin/python3: No module named pip
而安装pip3后，
$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.5-dev
Suggested packages:
python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3-pip python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.5-dev
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 38.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 55.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
...etc...
最终的版本情况：
$ type python python2 python3 pip pip2 pip3
python is /usr/bin/python
python2 is hashed (/usr/bin/python2)
python3 is hashed (/usr/bin/python3)
pip is /usr/bin/pip
pip2 is /usr/bin/pip2
pip3 is /usr/bin/pip3
$ pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
$ pip3 --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.5)
$ python2 -m pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
$ python3 -m pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.5)
第五种办法
简单有效的方法：
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes-python2.7
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python2.7
来自这个网页here的最后一个答案
其他解决思路
也可以通过pyenv进行下载并安装
#Install Pyenv
git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv
export PATH=~/.pyenv/bin:/usr/local/hadoop/bin/:$PATH
echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="~/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.bash_profile
#Install Python
pyenv install 2.7.8
pyenv global 2.7.8
pyenv install 3.4.5
pyenv global 3.4.5