問題詳細描述
我想在Ubuntu上安裝最新的Python壓縮包（從http://python.org/download/下載）。
下麵的命令正確的安裝方式嗎？
./configure
make
make install
如果不是，我該如何做？
最佳解決辦法
首先，安裝一些依賴項：
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
然後使用以下命令下載：
version=2.7.13
cd ~/Downloads/
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/$version/Python-$version.tgz
解壓並cd到相應的目錄：
tar -xvf Python-$version.tgz
cd Python-$version
然後，使用之前嘗試的命令來安裝，即checkinstall，這中安裝方式的好處是在需要時更容易卸載：
./configure
make
sudo checkinstall
注意，上麵的環境變量version可以改為任意需要的版本(例如version=2.7.1或version=3.6.0)。
次佳解決辦法
除非你特別想要嘗試自己編譯安裝，否則首選的方法是使用DeadSnakes PPA來安裝非默認版本的Python：
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python2.7
當然，其他版本，如python2.4或python3.6等等，在上麵的命令中也可用。
第三種解決思路(全麵，長文慎入)
這是對最佳方案的補充，術語libread5-dev應改為libreadline-gplv2-dev。所以完整的命令是：
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev libncursesw5-dev libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev libgdbm-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
第四種辦法
對於Ubuntu 16.04.1服務器，默認的Python是3.5版本，默認情況下不安裝Python 2.7。注意，在新版本服務器上，甚至沒有python的可執行文件)：
$ type python3 python2 python
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
-bash: type: python2: not found
-bash: type: python: not found
$ python3 --version
Python 3.5.2
$ python --version
The program 'python' can be found in the following packages:
* python-minimal
* python3
Try: sudo apt install <selected package>
安裝python 2.7的命令很簡單：
$ sudo apt-get install python2.7
安裝python 2.7的初始輸出如下：
$ sudo apt-get install python2.7
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python2.7-minimal
Suggested packages:
python2.7-doc binutils binfmt-support
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib python2.7 python2.7-minimal
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,735 kB of archives.
After this operation, 15.8 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
...etc, etc...
安裝了python 2.7之後，
$ type python3 python2.7 python3.5 python2 python
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python2.7 is /usr/bin/python2.7
python3.5 is /usr/bin/python3.5
bash: type: python2: not found
bash: type: python: not found
好了2.7安裝好了。但是還有一個問題：不能通過pip安裝PyPI模塊 – 例如，如果您想要使用jupyter notebook或最新的scipy或numpy(etc)，則需要安裝pip，然後通過pip install安裝前述功能。當然，還得使用apt-get安裝所需的係統依賴關係，如graphviz或核心係統庫。
$ type pip3 pip2 pip
bash: type: pip3: not found
bash: type: pip2: not found
bash: type: pip: not found
$ python3 -m pip --version
/usr/bin/python3: No module named pip
所以要安裝pip，命令是sudo apt-get install python-pip，也很簡單：
$ sudo apt-cache search -n pip | egrep '^python[0-9]*-pip'
python-pip - alternative Python package installer
python-pip-whl - alternative Python package installer
python3-pip - alternative Python package installer - Python 3 version of the package
需要為Python 2.7 pip安裝python-pip，也要為Python 3 pip的python3-pip。通過apt-get確保安裝所需的依賴項;例如，這裏是安裝pip2的輸出：
$ sudo apt-get install python-pip
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
binutils build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl
libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev
libgomp1 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpx0 libpython-all-dev libpython-dev libpython-stdlib libpython2.7
libpython2.7-dev libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev make
manpages-dev python python-all python-all-dev python-dev python-minimal python-pip-whl
python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-wheel python2.7-dev
Suggested packages:
binutils-doc debian-keyring g++-multilib g++-5-multilib gcc-5-doc libstdc++6-5-dbg gcc-multilib
autoconf automake libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-5-multilib gcc-5-locales libgcc1-dbg
libgomp1-dbg libitm1-dbg libatomic1-dbg libasan2-dbg liblsan0-dbg libtsan0-dbg libubsan0-dbg
libcilkrts5-dbg libmpx0-dbg libquadmath0-dbg glibc-doc libstdc++-5-doc make-doc python-doc
python-tk python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
binutils build-essential dpkg-dev fakeroot g++ g++-5 gcc gcc-5 libalgorithm-diff-perl
libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan2 libatomic1 libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
libcc1-0 libcilkrts5 libdpkg-perl libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl libgcc-5-dev
libgomp1 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpx0 libpython-all-dev libpython-dev libpython-stdlib libpython2.7
libpython2.7-dev libquadmath0 libstdc++-5-dev libtsan0 libubsan0 linux-libc-dev make
manpages-dev python python-all python-all-dev python-dev python-minimal python-pip
python-pip-whl python-pkg-resources python-setuptools python-wheel python2.7-dev
0 upgraded, 49 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 61.1 MB of archives.
After this operation, 169 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
...etc...
有趣的是：現在有了”standard(標準的)”(PEP推薦)python2和python3(不過它們隻是python 2.7和python 3.5的符號鏈接)：
$ type python3 python2 python python2.7 python3.5
python3 is /usr/bin/python3
python2 is /usr/bin/python2
python is /usr/bin/python
python2.7 is /usr/bin/python2.7
python3.5 is /usr/bin/python3.5
上麵是pip2，pip3的話要執行sudo apt-get install python3-pip;在安裝pip3之前：
$ type pip pip2 pip3
pip is /usr/bin/pip
pip2 is /usr/bin/pip2
-bash: type: pip3: not found
$ python2 -m pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
$ python3 -m pip --version
/usr/bin/python3: No module named pip
而安裝pip3後，
$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.5-dev
Suggested packages:
python-setuptools-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libpython3-dev libpython3.5-dev python3-dev python3-pip python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.5-dev
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 38.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 55.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
...etc...
最終的版本情況：
$ type python python2 python3 pip pip2 pip3
python is /usr/bin/python
python2 is hashed (/usr/bin/python2)
python3 is hashed (/usr/bin/python3)
pip is /usr/bin/pip
pip2 is /usr/bin/pip2
pip3 is /usr/bin/pip3
$ pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
$ pip3 --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.5)
$ python2 -m pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (python 2.7)
$ python3 -m pip --version
pip 8.1.1 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (python 3.5)
第五種辦法
簡單有效的方法：
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes-python2.7
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python2.7
來自這個網頁here的最後一個答案
其他解決思路
也可以通過pyenv進行下載並安裝
#Install Pyenv
git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv
export PATH=~/.pyenv/bin:/usr/local/hadoop/bin/:$PATH
echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="~/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.bash_profile
#Install Python
pyenv install 2.7.8
pyenv global 2.7.8
pyenv install 3.4.5
pyenv global 3.4.5