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C++ Algorithm equal_range()用法及代碼示例


C++ 算法 equal_range() 函數是二分查找的版本。該函數用於返回子範圍的下界和上界,該子範圍包括範圍[first, last)中所有等價於val的元素。

其中子範圍由兩個迭代器定義,一個指向不小於 val 的第一個元素,另一個指向大於 val 的第一個元素。

  • 第一個版本使用運算符 < 來比較元素,第二個版本使用給定的比較函數,即 comp。
  • 範圍 [first, last) 必須根據與 val 的比較進行分區,即它必須滿足以下所有條件:
    • 相對於 element < val 或 comp(element, val) 進行分區
    • 相對於 !(val < element) 或 !comp(val, element) 進行分區
    • 對於所有元素,如果 element < val 或 comp(element, val) 為真,則 !(val < element) 或 !comp(val, element) 也為真。

用法

default (1)      template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
                       pair<ForwardIterator,ForwardIterator>
                         equal_range (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val);

custom (2)     template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
                      pair<ForwardIterator,ForwardIterator>
                       equal_range (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val,
                          Compare comp);

參數

first:指向要搜索的範圍中的第一個元素的前向迭代器。

last:指向要搜索範圍中過去最後一個元素的前向迭代器。

補償: 一個用戶定義的二元謂詞函數,它接受兩個參數,如果兩個參數按順序返回真,否則返回假。它遵循嚴格的弱排序來對元素進行排序。

val: 用於比較範圍內元素的上限值。

返回值

它返回兩個迭代器,一個指向第一個不小於 val 的元素,另一個指向第一個大於 val 的元素。

如果沒有找到這樣的元素,那麽它最後返回。

複雜度

平均而言,複雜性在 first 和 last 之間的距離上是對數的:最多執行 2*log2 (N) + 1 次元素比較,其中 N = last - first。

數據競爭

訪問範圍 [first, last) 中的對象。

異常

如果元素比較或迭代器上的操作引發異常,則此函數將引發異常。

請注意,無效參數會導致未定義的行為。

例子1

讓我們看一個簡單的例子來演示 equal_range() 的使用:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  vector<int> v = {3, 1, 4, 2, 5};

  sort(v.begin(), v.end());

  auto result = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 3);

  cout << "Lower Bound of 3 is:"<<*result.first << endl;
  cout << "Upper Bound of 3 is:"<<*result.second << endl;
  
  return 0;
}

輸出:

Lower Bound of 3 is:3
Upper Bound of 3 is:4

例子2

讓我們看另一個使用 operator< 比較元素的簡單示例:

#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
 
using namespace std;
 
struct S
{
    int number;
    char name;
 
    S ( int number, char name  )
       :number ( number ), name ( name )
    {}
 
    // only the number is relevant with this comparison
    bool operator< ( const S& s ) const
    {
        return number < s.number;
    }
};
 
 
int main()
{
    // note:not ordered, only partitioned w.r.t. S defined below
    vector<S> vec = { {1,'A'}, {2,'B'}, {2,'C'}, {2,'D'}, {4,'G'}, {3,'F'} };
 
    S value ( 2, '?' );
 
    auto p = equal_range(vec.begin(),vec.end(),value);
 
    for ( auto i = p.first; i != p.second; ++i )
        cout << i->name << ' ';
        
        return 0;
}

輸出:

B C D

在上麵的例子中,運算符 < 用於比較元素並返回等於 2 的範圍內的所有元素。

例子3

讓我們看另一個使用比較函數比較元素的簡單示例:

#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
 
struct S
{
    int number;
    char name;
 
    S ( int number, char name  )
       :number ( number ), name ( name )
    {}
 
    // only the number is relevant with this comparison
    bool operator< ( const S& s ) const
    {
        return number < s.number;
    }
};
 
struct Comp
{
    bool operator() ( const S& s, int i )
    {
        return s.number < i;
    }
 
    bool operator() ( int i, const S& s )
    {
        return i < s.number;
    }
};
 
int main()
{
    // note:not ordered, only partitioned w.r.t. S defined below
    vector<S> vec = { {1,'A'}, {2,'B'}, {2,'C'}, {2,'D'}, {4,'G'}, {3,'F'} };
 
    auto p = equal_range(vec.begin(),vec.end(),2,Comp());
 
    for ( auto i = p.first; i != p.second; ++i )
        cout << i->name << ' ';
        
        return 0;
}

輸出:

B C D

示例 4

讓我們看另一個簡單的例子:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
 
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
  int a[] = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7,  8, 9, 10};
  vector<int> v(a, a+10);
  cout <<"\nHere are the contents of v:\n";
  for (vector<int>::size_type i=0; i<v.size(); i++)
    cout <<v.at(i)<<" ";
 
  pair<vector<int>::iterator, vector<int>::iterator> bounds;
 
  bounds = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 3);
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nLower bound of 3 in v = "<<*bounds.first;
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nUpper bound of 3 in v = "<<*bounds.second;
 
  bounds = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 4);
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nLower bound of 4 in v = "<<*bounds.first;
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nUpper bound of 4 in v = "<<*bounds.second;
 
  bounds = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 5);
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nLower bound of 5 in v = "<<*bounds.first;
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nUpper bound of 5 in v = "<<*bounds.second;
 
  bounds = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 7);
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nLower bound of 7 in v = "<<*bounds.first;
  cout <<"\nThis is the first of the three 7's, since the value "
         "before this 7 is "<<*(bounds.first-1)<<".";
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nUpper bound of 7 in v = "<<*bounds.second;
 
  bounds = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nLower bound of 0 in v = "<<*bounds.first;
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nUpper bound of 0 in v = "<<*bounds.second;
 
  bounds = equal_range(v.begin(), v.end(), 15);
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nLower bound of 15 in v = "<<*bounds.first;
  if (bounds.first != v.end())
    cout <<"\nUpper bound of 15 in v = "<<*bounds.second;
  cout <<"\nNote that both the lower and upper bound locations "
         "\nof 15 are the end (one-past-the-last) vector position.";
 
  return 0;
}

輸出:

Here are the contents of v:
2 3 5 6 7 7 7 8 9 10 
Lower bound of 3 in v = 3
Upper bound of 3 in v = 5
Lower bound of 4 in v = 5
Upper bound of 4 in v = 5
Lower bound of 5 in v = 5
Upper bound of 5 in v = 6
Lower bound of 7 in v = 7
This is the first of the three 7's, since the value before this 7 is 6.
Upper bound of 7 in v = 8
Lower bound of 0 in v = 2
Upper bound of 0 in v = 2
Note that both the lower and upper bound locations 
of 15 are the end (one-past-the-last) vector position. 





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注:本文由純淨天空篩選整理自 C++ Algorithm equal_range()。非經特殊聲明,原始代碼版權歸原作者所有,本譯文未經允許或授權,請勿轉載或複製。