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C++ Algorithm nth_element()用法及代码示例


C++算法nth_element()函数用于将第一个和第n个元素之间的元素按升序排序,第n个和最后一个元素之间的元素不排序。但是,第 n 个和最后一个之间的元素不小于第一个和第 n 个元素之间的元素。

第一个版本使用运算符比较元素,第二个版本使用 comp 进行比较。

用法

default (1)      template <class RandomAccessIterator>
                         void nth_element (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
                            RandomAccessIterator last);

custom (2)       template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
                         void nth_element (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
                           RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);

参数

first:指向要使用的范围中的第一个元素的随机访问迭代器。

last:一个随机访问迭代器,指向要使用的范围中过去的最后一个元素。

comp: 一个用户定义的二元谓词函数,它接受两个参数,如果两个参数按顺序返回真,否则返回假。它遵循严格的弱排序来对元素进行排序。

nth:一个随机访问迭代器,寻址范围 [first, last) 中包含排序元素的位置。

返回值

复杂度

平均而言,复杂性在第一个和最后一个之间的距离上是线性的:比较元素并可能交换它们,直到元素被正确重新排列。

数据竞争

范围 [first, last) 中的对象被更改。

异常

如果元素比较、元素交换或迭代器上的操作中的任何一个抛出异常,则此函数将抛出异常。

注意:无效的参数会导致未定义的行为。

例子1

让我们看一个简单的例子来演示 nth_element() 的使用:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

void print(vector<int> ar)
{
  for(auto x:ar) cout << x << " "; 
  cout << endl;
}
int main()
{	
  vector<int> ar = {1, 3, 6, 1, 2, 4, 7, 0};
  cout<<"Before:";
  // will print 1 3 6 1 2 4 7 0
  print(ar); 

  // mid = 5th element (ar.begin() + 4)
  auto mid = ar.begin() + distance(ar.begin(), ar.end()) / 2;

  // lets nth_element ar to mid
  nth_element(ar.begin(), mid, ar.end());
  cout<<"\nAfter:";
  // will print 2 0 1 1 3 4 7 6
  // mid points to element 3
  print(ar);

  return 0;
}

输出:

Before:1 3 6 1 2 4 7 0 

After:2 0 1 1 3 4 7 6

例子2

让我们看另一个简单的例子:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>

using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
    vector<int> v{5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 9, 3};
    cout<<"Elements are:";
    for (vector<int>::iterator it=v.begin(); it!=v.end(); ++it)
    cout << ' ' << *it;
  cout << '\n';
 
    nth_element(v.begin(), v.begin() + v.size()/2, v.end());
    cout << "The median is " << v[v.size()/2] << '\n';
 
    nth_element(v.begin(), v.begin()+1, v.end(), greater<int>());
    cout << "The second largest element is " << v[1] << '\n';
    
    return 0;
}

输出:

Elements are: 5 6 4 3 2 6 7 9 3
The median is 5
The second largest element is 7

例子3

让我们看另一个简单的例子:

#include <iostream>     // std::cout
#include <algorithm>    // std::nth_element, std::random_shuffle
#include <vector>       // std::vector

using namespace std;

bool myfunction (int i,int j) { return (i<j); }

int main () {
  vector<int> myvector;

  // set some values:
  for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myvector.push_back(i);   // 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  random_shuffle (myvector.begin(), myvector.end());

  // using default comparison (operator <):
  nth_element (myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end());

  // using function as comp
  nth_element (myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end(),myfunction);

  // print out content:
  cout << "myvector contains:";
  for (vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    cout << ' ' << *it;
  cout << '\n';

  return 0;
}

输出:

myvector contains:5 2 3 1 4 6 7 8 9

示例 4

让我们看另一个简单的例子:

#include <vector>  
#include <algorithm>  
#include <functional>      // For greater<int>( )  
#include <iostream>  
  
// Return whether first element is greater than the second  
bool UDgreater ( int elem1, int elem2 ) {  
   return elem1 > elem2;  
}  
  
int main() {  
   using namespace std;  
   vector <int> v1;  
   vector <int>::iterator Iter1;  
  
   int i;  
   for ( i = 0 ; i <= 5 ; i++ )  
      v1.push_back( 3 * i );  
  
   int ii;  
   for ( ii = 0 ; ii <= 5 ; ii++ )  
      v1.push_back( 3 * ii + 1 );  
  
   int iii;  
   for ( iii = 0 ; iii <= 5 ; iii++ )  
      v1.push_back( 3 * iii +2 );  
  
   cout << "Original vector:\n v1 = ( " ;  
   for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )  
      cout << *Iter1 << " ";  
   cout << ")" << endl;  
  
   nth_element(v1.begin( ), v1.begin( ) + 3, v1.end( ) );  
   cout << "Position 3 partitioned vector:\n v1 = ( " ;  
   for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )  
      cout << *Iter1 << " ";  
   cout << ")" << endl;  
  
   // To sort in descending order, specify binary predicate  
   nth_element( v1.begin( ), v1.begin( ) + 4, v1.end( ),  
          greater<int>( ) );  
   cout << "Position 4 partitioned (greater) vector:\n v1 = ( " ;  
   for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )  
      cout << *Iter1 << " ";  
   cout << ")" << endl;  
  
   random_shuffle( v1.begin( ), v1.end( ) );  
   cout << "Shuffled vector:\n v1 = ( " ;  
   for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )  
      cout << *Iter1 << " ";  
   cout << ")" << endl;  
  
   // A user-defined (UD) binary predicate can also be used  
   nth_element( v1.begin( ), v1.begin( ) + 5, v1.end( ), UDgreater );  
   cout << "Position 5 partitioned (UDgreater) vector:\n v1 = ( " ;  
   for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )  
      cout << *Iter1 << " ";  
   cout << ")" << endl;  
   
   return 0;
}

输出:

Original vector:
 v1 = ( 0 3 6 9 12 15 1 4 7 10 13 16 2 5 8 11 14 17 )
Position 3 partitioned vector:
 v1 = ( 1 0 2 3 8 5 9 4 7 6 10 16 13 15 12 11 14 17 )
Position 4 partitioned (greater) vector:
 v1 = ( 16 17 14 15 13 12 11 9 7 8 10 6 1 4 5 3 2 0 )
Shuffled vector:
 v1 = ( 13 10 6 3 5 2 0 17 11 8 15 9 7 14 16 1 12 4 )
Position 5 partitioned (UDgreater) vector:
 v1 = ( 14 17 15 16 13 12 10 11 9 8 0 2 7 5 3 1 6 4 )





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注:本文由纯净天空筛选整理自 C++ Algorithm nth_element()。非经特殊声明,原始代码版权归原作者所有,本译文未经允许或授权,请勿转载或复制。