C# Board.Copy方法代碼示例

        private long PerftCount(Board boardBase, int depth)
        {
            long total = 0;

            // find all the moves
            var moves = Moves.GetMoves(boardBase);

            for (int i = 0; i < moves.Length; i++)
            {
                Move move = moves[i];
                var board = boardBase.Copy();
                bool valid = board.Move(move.From, move.To, true);

                if(!valid)
                    continue;

                if(move.Promotion > 0)
                    board.Promote(move.To, move.Promotion);

                long cnt = (depth == 1) ? 1 : PerftCount(board, depth - 1);
                total += cnt;

                // log data in the top node
                if (Results.StartDepth == depth)
                    Results.Entries.Add(new PerftEntry() { Count = cnt, From = move.From, To = move.To });
            }

            if (Results.StartDepth == depth)
                Results.Total = total;

            return total;
        }

        public bool PlaceMarkAndCheckWinner(Board board, int[] tempPos, bool tempFirst)
        {
            int DIM = board.GetDIM();
            tempBoard = new Board(DIM);
            tempBoard.SetBoard(board.Copy());
            tempBoard.SetCell(tempPos, tempFirst);

            GameStats gameStats = new GameStats();
            return gameStats.IsWinner(tempBoard, tempFirst);
        }

        private static int LongestPathLengthInternal(Board board, Func<Board, IEnumerable<BoardSpace>> moveGetter, Action<Board, BoardSpace> makeMove)
        {
            var longest = 0;
            foreach (var move in moveGetter(board))
            {
                var newBoard = board.Copy();
                makeMove(newBoard, move);

                var pathLength = LongestPathLengthInternal(newBoard, moveGetter, makeMove) + 1;
                if (pathLength > longest)
                {
                    longest = pathLength;
                }

                // fail safe in case this heuristic is used too early
                // going more than 20 moves deep causes everything to die
                if (longest > 20)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
            return longest;
        }

        static void NeuralEngine_Test(string boardText, int bestMove)
        {
            IEngine engine = new EndGameEngine();
            var board = new Board(boardText);
            var color = board.EmptyCount % 2 == 1 ? StoneType.White : StoneType.Black;

            var searchResult = engine.Search(board.Copy(), color, 16);
            Console.WriteLine("EndGameEngine Best Move Act:{0},Exp:{1} | Score Act:{2}, {3}, Nodes:{4}, Times:{5}",
                searchResult.Move, bestMove, searchResult.Score / Constants.HighestScore, searchResult.Message,
                searchResult.Nodes, searchResult.TimeSpan);

            engine = new NeuralEngine();//"4-6-2012-04-24.net"
            searchResult = engine.Search(board.Copy(), color, 4);// (Constants.StoneCount - 4) / 2
            Console.WriteLine("NeuralEngine Best Move Act:{0},Exp:{1} | Score Act:{2}, {3}, Nodes:{4}, Times:{5}",
                searchResult.Move, bestMove, searchResult.Score, searchResult.Message,
                searchResult.Nodes, searchResult.TimeSpan);
        }

        // recursive alpha beta
        private BestMoveResultWithStats BestMoveInternal(Board board, int depth, int alpha, int beta, CancellationToken cancelToken)
        {
            // if we reached the bottom, return
            if (depth == 0)
            {
                _numNodesAtDepthLimit++;
                return new BestMoveResultWithStats(_config.Heuristic.Evaluate(board), null);
            }

            var isMaxTurn = board.MyPlayer == board.PlayerToMove;

            var validMoves = board.GetValidMoves();

            // if we hit game over before the depth limit, return infinity/-infinity if it's our/their turn
            if (!validMoves.Any())
            {
                return new BestMoveResultWithStats(isMaxTurn ? int.MinValue : int.MaxValue, null);
            }

            BoardSpace bestMove = null;

            // generate new boards for each move and evaluate them so we can sort
            var validMovesWithBoard = validMoves.Select(x =>
                {
                    var newBoard = board.Copy().Move(x);
                    _nodesGeneratedByDepth[depth]++;
                    var score = _config.Heuristic.Evaluate(newBoard);
                    return new {move = x, newBoard, score};
                });

            // if we're maxing, sort with largest first, otherwise sort with smallest first
            if (isMaxTurn)
            {
                validMovesWithBoard = validMovesWithBoard.OrderByDescending(x => x.score);
            }
            else
            {
                validMovesWithBoard = validMovesWithBoard.OrderBy(x => x.score);
            }

            // evaluate this board because we'll need to for quiessence search
            var boardScore = _config.Heuristic.Evaluate(board);

            foreach (var move in validMovesWithBoard)
            {
                BestMoveResultWithStats childResult;

                // if we're doing a quiessence search, check to see if heuristic score change is interesting
                if (IsInterestingMove(boardScore, move.score))
                {
                    // extend search depth because this move looks interesting
                    _numNodesQuiessenceSearched++;
                    childResult = BestMoveInternal(move.newBoard, depth, alpha, beta, cancelToken);
                }
                else
                {
                    // normal evaluation
                    childResult = BestMoveInternal(move.newBoard, depth - 1, alpha, beta, cancelToken);
                }

                // if we're near timeout or asked to cancel, just bail :(
                if (_timer.Timeout() || cancelToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    _timedOut = true;
                    break;
                }

                if (isMaxTurn) // if it's a max turn, we want to check alpha
                {
                    if (childResult.Score > alpha)
                    {
                        alpha = childResult.Score;
                        bestMove = move.move;
                    }
                }
                else // else it's a min turn, so we want to check beta
                {
                    if (childResult.Score < beta)
                    {
                        beta = childResult.Score;
                        bestMove = move.move;
                    }
                }

                // alpha-beta trim
                if (alpha >= beta)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }

            // if we didn't find anything good, just return the first one
            if (bestMove == null)
            {
                bestMove = validMoves.First();
            }

            return new BestMoveResultWithStats(isMaxTurn ? alpha : beta, bestMove);
        }

        private Board ParseToken(
			GameVariation variation, 
			List<PGNToken> tokens, 
			ref int i, 
			List<Board> positions, 
			Board position)
        {
            var token = tokens[i];

            switch (token.TokenType)
            {
                case (PGNTokenType.Annotation):
                    variation.Elements.Add(new GameAnnotation(token.Value));
                    break;
                case (PGNTokenType.Comment):
                    variation.Elements.Add(new GameComment(token.Value));
                    break;
                case (PGNTokenType.Ellipsis):
                    // Assert its blacks turn
                    if (position.PlayerTurn != Color.Black)
                        throw new PGNException("Encountered unexpected token. It should be blacks turn to play", token);
                    break;
                case (PGNTokenType.Move):
                    position = position.Copy();
                    var move = MakeMove(token, position);
                    variation.Elements.Add(move);
                    break;
                case (PGNTokenType.MoveNumber):
                    if (position.MoveCount > token.GetMoveNumber())
                        throw new PGNException("Unexpected move number", token);
                    break;
                case (PGNTokenType.Results):
                    variation.Elements.Add(new GameResults(token.Value));
                    break;
                case (PGNTokenType.VariationStart):
                    var startpos = GetStartPosition(tokens, ref i, positions);
                    var newVariation = GetVariation(tokens, ref i, startpos);
                    variation.Elements.Add(newVariation);
                    break;
            }

            return position;
        }

        // depth first search of longest walkable path, returns path length and the sequence of moves and boards in reverse order
        private Tuple<int, List<Tuple<Board, BoardSpace>>> LongestPathInReverseOrder(Board board, Func<Board, IEnumerable<BoardSpace>> moveGetter, Action<Board, BoardSpace> makeMove)
        {
            var longestPathLength = 0;
            var path = new List<Tuple<Board, BoardSpace>>();

            foreach (var move in moveGetter(board))
            {
                // bail if we're timing out
                if (_timer.Timeout() || _cancelToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                {
                    break;
                }

                var newBoard = board.Copy();
                makeMove(newBoard, move);

                var child = LongestPathInReverseOrder(newBoard, moveGetter, makeMove);
                var pathLength = child.Item1 + 1;

                if (pathLength > longestPathLength)
                {
                    longestPathLength = pathLength;
                    path = new List<Tuple<Board, BoardSpace>>(child.Item2) { Tuple.Create(newBoard, move) };
                }
            }

            return Tuple.Create(longestPathLength, path);
        }

        public BoardSpace GetMyNextMove(Board board)
        {
            // start the timer
            MoveTimer.I.StartTimer();

            // cancel all tasks that are now irrelevant
            foreach (var task in _tasksByOpponentMove.Where(x => !x.Key.Equals(board.LastMove)))
            {
                task.Value.CancelSource.Cancel();
            }

            TimeSpan? asyncTimeElapsed = null;

            IBestMoveResult bestMoveResult;

            if (board.LastMove == null || !_tasksByOpponentMove.ContainsKey(board.LastMove))
            {
                // we were not precomputing this path, so we need to start fresh
                bestMoveResult = MoveGetter().BestMove(board, _config, MoveTimer.I, new CancellationToken());
            }
            else
            {
                // we already started down this branch, so use the result from the task
                bestMoveResult = _tasksByOpponentMove[board.LastMove].BestMoveTask.Result;

                // check how long that took us
                asyncTimeElapsed = _tasksByOpponentMove[board.LastMove].Timer.GetTimeElapsed();
            }

            // stop timer and grab timer stats
            var percentRemaining = MoveTimer.I.GetPercentOfTimeRemaining();
            var elapsed = MoveTimer.I.GetTimeElapsed();
            var timedOut = MoveTimer.I.Timeout();
            MoveTimer.I.ResetTimer();

            // report stats, for debugging only, will be off in production
            if (_config.ReportStatistics)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Time Taken (s): " + elapsed.TotalSeconds);
                Console.WriteLine("Time Left (%): " + percentRemaining * 100);
                if (asyncTimeElapsed != null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Async Time Taken (s): " + asyncTimeElapsed.Value.TotalSeconds);
                }
                Console.WriteLine(bestMoveResult.ToString());
            }

            // if we have enough time remaining, increase the depth limit
            if (percentRemaining > _config.PercentTimeLeftToIncrementDepthLimit)
            {
                // if we didn't do the search async, just increase depth
                if (asyncTimeElapsed == null)
                {
                    _config.DepthLimit++;
                }
                else
                {
                    // only increase depth if async time was decent
                    var asyncPercentTimeLeft = (_config.MoveTimeout.TotalMilliseconds - asyncTimeElapsed.Value.TotalMilliseconds) / _config.MoveTimeout.TotalMilliseconds;
                    if (asyncPercentTimeLeft > _config.PercentTimeLeftToIncrementDepthLimit/2)
                    {
                        _config.DepthLimit++;
                    }
                }
            }

            // if we timed out, decrease depth limit so we stop shooting ourself in the foot
            if (timedOut)
            {
                _config.DepthLimit--;
            }

            var emptySpaces = board.GetEmptySpacesRemaining();

            // figure out where we are in the game
            if (_config.GameMode == GameMode.Beginning)
            {
                if (emptySpaces <= 40)
                {
                    _config.DepthLimit--;
                    _config.GameMode = GameMode.Middle;
                }
            }
            else if (_config.GameMode == GameMode.Middle && !timedOut)
            {
                // find out what our areas look like
                var boardPostMove = board.Copy().Move(bestMoveResult.Move);
                var myArea = OpenAreaHeuristic.GetOpenArea(boardPostMove, boardPostMove.MyPlayer);
                var oppArea = OpenAreaHeuristic.GetOpenArea(boardPostMove, boardPostMove.OpponentPlayer);

                // if we are walled off, switch to end game
                if (myArea.All(x => !oppArea.Contains(x)))
                {
                    _isWalledOff = true;
                    _config.GameMode = GameMode.End;
                }
                else // we aren't walled off
                {
                    // if it's time for end game, switch and max out depth
                    if (emptySpaces <= 28)
//.........這裏部分代碼省略.........

        public void PreComputeNextMove(Board board)
        {
            // cancel any tasks that are running from last round
            foreach (var task in _tasksByOpponentMove.Select(x => x.Value).Where(x => !x.BestMoveTask.IsCompleted))
            {
                task.CancelSource.Cancel();
            }

            // remove all saved tasks
            _tasksByOpponentMove.Clear();

            // for every possible opponent move, pretend like the opponent picks it and start computing my response
            foreach (var move in board.GetValidMoves())
            {
                var newBoard = board.Copy().Move(move);

                var task = new AsyncSearchTask(TimeSpan.MaxValue);

                task.BestMoveTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
                    {
                        task.Timer.StartTimer();
                        var result = MoveGetter().BestMove(newBoard, _config, MoveTimer.I, task.CancelSource.Token);
                        task.Timer.StopTimer();
                        return result;
                    }, task.CancelSource.Token);

                _tasksByOpponentMove[move] = task;
            }
        }

        private void Gen(TextWriter writer, Board board, int color, bool prevmove = true)
        {
            if (Records >= Limit) {
                return;
            }

            if (board.EmptyCount == EndGameDepth) {
                var searchResult = Engine.Search(board.Copy(), color, this.SearchDepth);
                WriteRecord(writer, board, searchResult.Score, searchResult.Move, color);

                Records++;

                //每1000條記錄就Flush一次
                if (Records % 1000 == 0) {
                    Console.WriteLine("Write Records: {0}", Records);
                    writer.Flush();
                }

                return;
            }

            int opp = color.Opp();
            var moves = rule.FindFlips(board, color).ToList();

            if (moves.Count == 0) {
                if (prevmove) {
                    Gen(writer, board, opp, false);
                }

                return;
            }

            foreach (var move in moves) {
                int flipCount = board.MakeMove(move.Pos, color);

                Gen(writer, board, opp);

                board.Reback(move.Pos, flipCount, opp);
            }
        }

        private FightResult Fight(IEngine engineA, IEngine engineB, Board board, int color = StoneType.Black)
        {
            Clock clock = new Clock();
            clock.Start();

            IEngine[] engines = new[] { engineA, engineB };
            int[] stoneTypes = new[] { StoneType.Black, StoneType.White };
            int turn = color - 1; //0;
            Console.WriteLine(board);

            while (true) {
                //board.CurrentColor = stoneTypes[turn];
                var searchResult = engines[turn].Search(board.Copy(), stoneTypes[turn], (Constants.StoneCount - 4) / 2);
                Console.WriteLine("[{0}] {1}", engines[turn].Name, searchResult);
                Console.Out.Flush();

                if (searchResult.Move < 0 ||
                    searchResult.Move >= Constants.StoneCount ||
                    !rule.CanFlip(board[searchResult.Move], stoneTypes[turn])) {
                    clock.Stop();
                    //下棋異常
                    Console.WriteLine(board);

                    return new FightResult() {
                        WinnerName = engines[1 - turn].Name,
                        LoserName = engines[turn].Name,
                        WinnerStoneType = (turn == 0 ? StoneType.Black : StoneType.White),
                        Score = 1,
                        TimeSpan = clock.TotalMilliseconds
                    };
                }
                else {
                    board.MakeMove(searchResult.Move, stoneTypes[turn]);
                    Console.WriteLine(board);
                }

                turn = 1 ^ turn;

                var canFlip = rule.CanFlip(board, stoneTypes[turn]);

                if (!canFlip) {
                    //對方無棋可下，輪換
                    turn = 1 ^ turn;
                    canFlip = rule.CanFlip(board, stoneTypes[turn]);

                    if (!canFlip) {
                        //雙方都無棋可下，結束
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            clock.Stop();
            //Console.WriteLine(board);

            return new FightResult(board, engines) {
                TimeSpan = clock.TotalMilliseconds
            };
        }

        public void CopyEmptyBoard()
        {
            var repository = new TestRepository();

            // create a board without any associated data
            var board = new Board();
            board.Name = "test1";
            repository.Add(board);

            // clone the board
            var copiedBoard = board.Copy();

            // verify that the board is copied
            Assert.AreNotEqual(board.Id, copiedBoard.Id);
            Assert.AreEqual(board.Name, copiedBoard.Name);
        }