Python math_ops.subtract函数代码示例

def hinge_loss(labels, logits, weights=1.0, scope=None,
               loss_collection=ops.GraphKeys.LOSSES):
  """Adds a hinge loss to the training procedure.

  WARNING: `weights` also supports dimensions of 1, but the broadcasting does
  not work as advertised, you'll wind up with weighted sum instead of weighted
  mean for any but the last dimension. This will be cleaned up soon, so please
  do not rely on the current behavior for anything but the shapes documented for
  `weights` below.

  Args:
    labels: The ground truth output tensor. Its shape should match the shape of
      logits. The values of the tensor are expected to be 0.0 or 1.0.
    logits: The logits, a float tensor.
    weights: Coefficients for the loss a scalar, a tensor of shape
      `[batch_size]` or a tensor whose shape matches `predictions`.
    scope: The scope for the operations performed in computing the loss.
    loss_collection: collection to which the loss will be added.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` of the loss value.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If the shapes of `logits` and `labels` don't match.
  """
  with ops.name_scope(scope, "hinge_loss", (logits, labels)) as scope:
    logits = math_ops.to_float(logits)
    labels = math_ops.to_float(labels)
    logits.get_shape().assert_is_compatible_with(labels.get_shape())
    # We first need to convert binary labels to -1/1 labels (as floats).
    all_ones = array_ops.ones_like(labels)
    labels = math_ops.subtract(2 * labels, all_ones)
    losses = nn_ops.relu(
        math_ops.subtract(all_ones, math_ops.multiply(labels, logits)))
    return compute_weighted_loss(losses, weights, scope, loss_collection)

def hinge_loss(logits, labels=None, scope=None):
  """Method that returns the loss tensor for hinge loss.

  Args:
    logits: The logits, a float tensor. Note that logits are assumed to be
      unbounded and 0-centered. A value > 0 (resp. < 0) is considered a positive
      (resp. negative) binary prediction.
    labels: The ground truth output tensor. Its shape should match the shape of
      logits. The values of the tensor are expected to be 0.0 or 1.0. Internally
      the {0,1} labels are converted to {-1,1} when calculating the hinge loss.
    scope: The scope for the operations performed in computing the loss.

  Returns:
    An unweighted `Tensor` of same shape as `logits` and `labels` representing
    the
      loss values across the batch.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If the shapes of `logits` and `labels` don't match.
  """
  with ops.name_scope(scope, "hinge_loss", [logits, labels]) as scope:
    logits.get_shape().assert_is_compatible_with(labels.get_shape())
    # We first need to convert binary labels to -1/1 labels (as floats).
    labels = math_ops.to_float(labels)
    all_ones = array_ops.ones_like(labels)
    labels = math_ops.subtract(2 * labels, all_ones)
    return nn_ops.relu(
        math_ops.subtract(all_ones, math_ops.multiply(labels, logits)))

def huber_loss(y_true, y_pred, delta=1.0):
  """Computes Huber loss value.

  For each value x in `error=y_true-y_pred`, the following is calculated:

  ```
  0.5 * x^2                  if |x| <= d
  0.5 * d^2 + d * (|x| - d)  if |x| > d
  ```
  where d is `delta`. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_loss

  Args:
    y_true: tensor of true targets.
    y_pred: tensor of predicted targets.
    delta: A float, the point where the Huber loss function changes from a
      quadratic to linear.

  Returns:
    Tensor with one scalar loss entry per sample.
  """
  y_pred = math_ops.cast(y_pred, dtype=K.floatx())
  y_true = math_ops.cast(y_true, dtype=K.floatx())
  error = math_ops.subtract(y_pred, y_true)
  abs_error = math_ops.abs(error)
  quadratic = math_ops.minimum(abs_error, delta)
  linear = math_ops.subtract(abs_error, quadratic)
  return math_ops.add(
      math_ops.multiply(
          ops.convert_to_tensor(0.5, dtype=quadratic.dtype),
          math_ops.multiply(quadratic, quadratic)),
      math_ops.multiply(delta, linear))

  def test_multiple_outputs(self):
    #   -         +
    #  / \y0   y1/ \
    # x    split    z
    #       |
    #       y         (nodes are ops; edges are going up)
    g = ops.Graph()
    with g.as_default():
      x = array_ops.placeholder(dtypes.float32, shape=[1], name='x')
      y = array_ops.placeholder(dtypes.float32, shape=[2], name='y')
      y0, y1 = array_ops.split(y, num_or_size_splits=2, axis=0)
      z = array_ops.placeholder(dtypes.float32, shape=[1], name='z')
      math_ops.add(x, y0)
      math_ops.subtract(y1, z)

    y1_pattern = graph_matcher.OpTypePattern('*')
    minus_pattern = graph_matcher.OpTypePattern('Sub', inputs=[y1_pattern, '*'])
    matcher = graph_matcher.GraphMatcher(minus_pattern)

    match_results = list(matcher.match_graph(g))
    self.assertEqual(1, len(match_results))
    match_result = match_results[0]

    self.assertEqual(y0.op, y1.op)
    self.assertEqual(match_result.get_op(y1_pattern), y1.op)
    self.assertEqual(match_result.get_tensor(y1_pattern), y1)

def hinge_loss(labels, logits, weights=1.0, scope=None,
               loss_collection=ops.GraphKeys.LOSSES,
               reduction=Reduction.SUM_BY_NONZERO_WEIGHTS):
  """Adds a hinge loss to the training procedure.

  Args:
    labels: The ground truth output tensor. Its shape should match the shape of
      logits. The values of the tensor are expected to be 0.0 or 1.0.
    logits: The logits, a float tensor.
    weights: Optional `Tensor` whose rank is either 0, or the same rank as
      `labels`, and must be broadcastable to `labels` (i.e., all dimensions must
      be either `1`, or the same as the corresponding `losses` dimension).
    scope: The scope for the operations performed in computing the loss.
    loss_collection: collection to which the loss will be added.
    reduction: Type of reduction to apply to loss.

  Returns:
    Weighted loss float `Tensor`. If `reduction` is `NONE`, this has the same
    shape as `labels`; otherwise, it is scalar.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If the shapes of `logits` and `labels` don't match.
  """
  with ops.name_scope(scope, "hinge_loss", (logits, labels, weights)) as scope:
    logits = math_ops.to_float(logits)
    labels = math_ops.to_float(labels)
    logits.get_shape().assert_is_compatible_with(labels.get_shape())
    # We first need to convert binary labels to -1/1 labels (as floats).
    all_ones = array_ops.ones_like(labels)
    labels = math_ops.subtract(2 * labels, all_ones)
    losses = nn_ops.relu(
        math_ops.subtract(all_ones, math_ops.multiply(labels, logits)))
    return compute_weighted_loss(
        losses, weights, scope, loss_collection, reduction=reduction)

  def unregularized_loss(self, examples):
    """Add operations to compute the loss (without the regularization loss).

    Args:
      examples: Examples to compute unregularized loss on.

    Returns:
      An Operation that computes mean (unregularized) loss for given set of
      examples.

    Raises:
      ValueError: if examples are not well defined.
    """
    self._assertSpecified([
        'example_labels', 'example_weights', 'sparse_features', 'dense_features'
    ], examples)
    self._assertList(['sparse_features', 'dense_features'], examples)
    with name_scope('sdca/unregularized_loss'):
      predictions = math_ops.cast(
          self._linear_predictions(examples), dtypes.float64)
      labels = math_ops.cast(
          internal_convert_to_tensor(examples['example_labels']),
          dtypes.float64)
      weights = math_ops.cast(
          internal_convert_to_tensor(examples['example_weights']),
          dtypes.float64)

      if self._options['loss_type'] == 'logistic_loss':
        return math_ops.reduce_sum(math_ops.multiply(
            sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=labels,
                                              logits=predictions),
            weights)) / math_ops.reduce_sum(weights)

      if self._options['loss_type'] == 'poisson_loss':
        return math_ops.reduce_sum(math_ops.multiply(
            log_poisson_loss(targets=labels, log_input=predictions),
            weights)) / math_ops.reduce_sum(weights)

      if self._options['loss_type'] in ['hinge_loss', 'smooth_hinge_loss']:
        # hinge_loss = max{0, 1 - y_i w*x} where y_i \in {-1, 1}. So, we need to
        # first convert 0/1 labels into -1/1 labels.
        all_ones = array_ops.ones_like(predictions)
        adjusted_labels = math_ops.subtract(2 * labels, all_ones)
        # Tensor that contains (unweighted) error (hinge loss) per
        # example.
        error = nn_ops.relu(
            math_ops.subtract(all_ones,
                              math_ops.multiply(adjusted_labels, predictions)))
        weighted_error = math_ops.multiply(error, weights)
        return math_ops.reduce_sum(weighted_error) / math_ops.reduce_sum(
            weights)

      # squared loss
      err = math_ops.subtract(labels, predictions)

      weighted_squared_err = math_ops.multiply(math_ops.square(err), weights)
      # SDCA squared loss function is sum(err^2) / (2*sum(weights))
      return (math_ops.reduce_sum(weighted_squared_err) /
              (2.0 * math_ops.reduce_sum(weights)))

  def testStripUnusedMultipleInputs(self):
    input_graph_name = "input_graph.pb"
    output_graph_name = "output_graph.pb"

    # We'll create an input graph that multiplies two input nodes.
    with ops.Graph().as_default():
      constant_node1 = constant_op.constant(1.0, name="constant_node1")
      constant_node2 = constant_op.constant(2.0, name="constant_node2")
      input_node1 = math_ops.subtract(constant_node1, 3.0, name="input_node1")
      input_node2 = math_ops.subtract(constant_node2, 5.0, name="input_node2")
      output_node = math_ops.multiply(
          input_node1, input_node2, name="output_node")
      math_ops.add(output_node, 2.0, name="later_node")
      sess = session.Session()
      output = sess.run(output_node)
      self.assertNear(6.0, output, 0.00001)
      graph_io.write_graph(sess.graph, self.get_temp_dir(), input_graph_name)

    # We save out the graph to disk, and then call the const conversion
    # routine.
    input_graph_path = os.path.join(self.get_temp_dir(), input_graph_name)
    input_binary = False
    input_node_names = "input_node1,input_node2"
    input_node_types = [
        dtypes.float32.as_datatype_enum, dtypes.float32.as_datatype_enum
    ]
    output_binary = True
    output_node_names = "output_node"
    output_graph_path = os.path.join(self.get_temp_dir(), output_graph_name)

    strip_unused_lib.strip_unused_from_files(input_graph_path, input_binary,
                                             output_graph_path, output_binary,
                                             input_node_names,
                                             output_node_names,
                                             input_node_types)

    # Now we make sure the variable is now a constant, and that the graph still
    # produces the expected result.
    with ops.Graph().as_default():
      output_graph_def = graph_pb2.GraphDef()
      with open(output_graph_path, "rb") as f:
        output_graph_def.ParseFromString(f.read())
        _ = importer.import_graph_def(output_graph_def, name="")

      self.assertEqual(3, len(output_graph_def.node))
      for node in output_graph_def.node:
        self.assertNotEqual("Add", node.op)
        self.assertNotEqual("Sub", node.op)
        if node.name == input_node_names:
          self.assertTrue("shape" in node.attr)

      with session.Session() as sess:
        input_node1 = sess.graph.get_tensor_by_name("input_node1:0")
        input_node2 = sess.graph.get_tensor_by_name("input_node2:0")
        output_node = sess.graph.get_tensor_by_name("output_node:0")
        output = sess.run(output_node,
                          feed_dict={input_node1: [10.0],
                                     input_node2: [-5.0]})
        self.assertNear(-50.0, output, 0.00001)

    def inner_loss(y_true, y_pred):
        delta = math_ops.abs(math_ops.subtract(y_pred, y_true))
        losses = math_ops.square(delta)
        if clip > 0.0:
            losses = tf.where(delta < clip, 0.5 * losses, delta - 0.5)

        return losses

    def BackwardLoopBody(*args):
      """Backward loop body function."""
      t, dev_t = args[0], args[1]
      (theta, orig_state0, inputs, acc_state, acc_extras, d_theta, d_state1,
       d_inputs, d_acc_state) = _Pack(args[2:], bakloop_sig)

      # The input recurrent state for time step t is previous time step's
      # output, or the original state0 when on time step 0.
      state_from_acc = _Index(acc_state, math_ops.maximum(0, t - 1))
      state0 = functional_ops.If(
          math_ops.equal(t, array_ops.constant(0, dtypes.int32)),
          _Flatten([state_from_acc, orig_state0]), ReturnOrigState0,
          ReturnAccState)
      state0 = nest.pack_sequence_as(orig_state0, state0)

      # The external inputs for time step t.
      inputs_t = _Index(inputs, t)
      # The extras for time step t.
      extras_t = _Index(acc_extras, t)

      d_state1 = _Add(_Index(d_acc_state, t), d_state1)
      (d_theta_t, d_state0, d_inputs_t) = _Pack(
          Bak(*_Flatten([theta, state0, inputs_t, extras_t, d_state1])),
          [self._theta, self._state, self._inputs])
      d_theta = _Add(d_theta, d_theta_t)
      d_inputs = _Update(d_inputs, d_inputs_t, dev_t)
      return [math_ops.subtract(dev_t, 1)] + _Flatten([
          theta, orig_state0, inputs, acc_state, acc_extras, d_theta, d_state0,
          d_inputs, d_acc_state
      ])

 def _Update_global_variables():
   local_vars = [v for g, v in grads_and_vars if g is not None]
   global_center_vars = [self._global_map[var] for var in local_vars]
   local_center_vars = [self._local_map[var] for var in local_vars]
   local_center_vars_update = []
   for lvar, var in zip(local_center_vars, global_center_vars):
     local_center_vars_update.append(lvar.assign(var))
   update_ops = []
   differences = []
   with ops.control_dependencies(local_center_vars_update):
     for v, lv in zip(local_vars, local_center_vars):
       with ops.device(v.device):
         differences.append(math_ops.subtract(v, lv))
     for lvar, diff in zip(local_vars, differences):
       with ops.device(lvar.device):
         update_ops.append(
             state_ops.assign_sub(lvar,
                                  math_ops.multiply(self._moving_rate,
                                                    diff)))
     for var, diff in zip(global_center_vars, differences):
       with ops.device(var.device):
         update_ops.append(
             state_ops.assign_add(var,
                                  math_ops.multiply(self._moving_rate,
                                                    diff)))
     if global_step:
       with ops.colocate_with(global_step):
         update_ops.append(state_ops.assign_add(global_step, 1))
   variable_update = control_flow_ops.group(*(update_ops))
   return variable_update

def huber_loss(labels, predictions, weights=1.0, delta=1.0, scope=None,
               loss_collection=ops.GraphKeys.LOSSES,
               reduction=Reduction.WEIGHTED_SUM_BY_NONZERO_WEIGHTS):
  """Adds a Huber Loss term to the training procedure.

  For each value x in `error=labels-predictions`, the following is calculated:

  ```
    0.5 * x^2                  if |x| <= d
    0.5 * d^2 + d * (|x| - d)  if |x| > d
  ```

  where d is `delta`.

  See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_loss

  `weights` acts as a coefficient for the loss. If a scalar is provided, then
  the loss is simply scaled by the given value. If `weights` is a tensor of size
  [batch_size], then the total loss for each sample of the batch is rescaled
  by the corresponding element in the `weights` vector. If the shape of
  `weights` matches the shape of `predictions`, then the loss of each
  measurable element of `predictions` is scaled by the corresponding value of
  `weights`.

  Args:
    labels: The ground truth output tensor, same dimensions as 'predictions'.
    predictions: The predicted outputs.
    weights: Optional `Tensor` whose rank is either 0, or the same rank as
      `labels`, and must be broadcastable to `labels` (i.e., all dimensions must
      be either `1`, or the same as the corresponding `losses` dimension).
    delta: `float`, the point where the huber loss function
      changes from a quadratic to linear.
    scope: The scope for the operations performed in computing the loss.
    loss_collection: collection to which the loss will be added.
    reduction: Type of reduction to apply to loss.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` that returns the weighted loss.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If the shape of `predictions` doesn't match that of `labels` or
      if the shape of `weights` is invalid.
  """
  with ops.name_scope(scope, "huber_loss",
                      (predictions, labels, weights)) as scope:
    predictions = math_ops.to_float(predictions)
    labels = math_ops.to_float(labels)
    predictions.get_shape().assert_is_compatible_with(labels.get_shape())
    error = math_ops.subtract(predictions, labels)
    abs_error = math_ops.abs(error)
    quadratic = math_ops.minimum(abs_error, delta)
    # The following expression is the same in value as
    # tf.maximum(abs_error - delta, 0), but importantly the gradient for the
    # expression when abs_error == delta is 0 (for tf.maximum it would be 1).
    # This is necessary to avoid doubling the gradient, since there is already a
    # nonzero contribution to the gradient from the quadratic term.
    linear = (abs_error - quadratic)
    losses = 0.5 * quadratic**2 + delta * linear
    return compute_weighted_loss(
        losses, weights, scope, loss_collection, reduction=reduction)

def huber_loss(labels, predictions, weight=1.0, k=1.0, scope=None):
    """Define a huber loss  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_loss
      tensor: tensor to regularize.
      k: value of k in the huber loss
      scope: Optional scope for op_scope.

    Huber loss:
    f(x) = if |x| <= k:
              0.5 * x^2
           else:
              k * |x| - 0.5 * k^2

    Returns:
      the L1 loss op.

    http://concise-bio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/concise/tf_helper.html
    """
    with ops.name_scope(scope, "absolute_difference",
                        [predictions, labels]) as scope:
        predictions.get_shape().assert_is_compatible_with(labels.get_shape())
        if weight is None:
            raise ValueError("`weight` cannot be None")
        predictions = math_ops.to_float(predictions)
        labels = math_ops.to_float(labels)
        diff = math_ops.subtract(predictions, labels)
        abs_diff = tf.abs(diff)
        losses = tf.where(abs_diff < k,
                          0.5 * tf.square(diff),
                          k * abs_diff - 0.5 * k ** 2)
        return tf.losses.compute_weighted_loss(losses, weight)

def normalize_moments(counts, mean_ss, variance_ss, shift, name=None):
  """Calculate the mean and variance of based on the sufficient statistics.

  Args:
    counts: A `Tensor` containing a the total count of the data (one value).
    mean_ss: A `Tensor` containing the mean sufficient statistics: the (possibly
      shifted) sum of the elements to average over.
    variance_ss: A `Tensor` containing the variance sufficient statistics: the
      (possibly shifted) squared sum of the data to compute the variance over.
    shift: A `Tensor` containing the value by which the data is shifted for
      numerical stability, or `None` if no shift was performed.
    name: Name used to scope the operations that compute the moments.

  Returns:
    Two `Tensor` objects: `mean` and `variance`.
  """
  with ops.name_scope(name, "normalize", [counts, mean_ss, variance_ss, shift]):
    divisor = math_ops.reciprocal(counts, name="divisor")
    if shift is not None:
      shifted_mean = math_ops.multiply(mean_ss, divisor, name="shifted_mean")
      mean = math_ops.add(shifted_mean, shift, name="mean")
    else:  # no shift.
      shifted_mean = math_ops.multiply(mean_ss, divisor, name="mean")
      mean = shifted_mean
    variance = math_ops.subtract(math_ops.multiply(variance_ss, divisor),
                                 math_ops.square(shifted_mean),
                                 name="variance")
  return (mean, variance)

def exact_laplacian_kernel(x, y, stddev):
  """Computes exact Laplacian kernel value(s) for tensors x and y using stddev.

  The Laplacian kernel for vectors u, v is defined as follows:
       K(u, v) = exp(-||u-v|| / stddev)
  where the norm is the l1-norm. x, y can be either vectors or matrices. If they
  are vectors, they must have the same dimension. If they are matrices, they
  must have the same number of columns. In the latter case, the method returns
  (as a matrix) K(u, v) values for all pairs (u, v) where u is a row from x and
  v is a row from y.

  Args:
    x: a tensor of rank 1 or 2. It's shape should be either [dim] or [m, dim].
    y: a tensor of rank 1 or 2. It's shape should be either [dim] or [n, dim].
    stddev: The width of the Gaussian kernel.

  Returns:
    A single value (scalar) with shape (1, 1)  if x, y are vectors or a matrix
    of shape (m, n) with entries K(u, v) (where K is the Laplacian kernel) for
    all (u,v) pairs where u, v are rows from x and y respectively.

  Raises:
    InvalidShapeError: if the shapes of x, y are not compatible.
  """
  x_aligned, y_aligned = _align_matrices(x, y)
  diff_l1_norm = math_ops.reduce_sum(
      math_ops.abs(math_ops.subtract(x_aligned, y_aligned)), 2)
  return math_ops.exp(-diff_l1_norm / stddev)

def mean_squared_error(predictions, labels=None, weights=1.0, scope=None):
  """Adds a Sum-of-Squares loss to the training procedure.

  `weights` acts as a coefficient for the loss. If a scalar is provided, then
  the loss is simply scaled by the given value. If `weights` is a tensor of size
  [batch_size], then the total loss for each sample of the batch is rescaled
  by the corresponding element in the `weights` vector. If the shape of
  `weights` matches the shape of `predictions`, then the loss of each
  measurable element of `predictions` is scaled by the corresponding value of
  `weights`.

  Args:
    predictions: The predicted outputs.
    labels: The ground truth output tensor, same dimensions as 'predictions'.
    weights: Coefficients for the loss a scalar, a tensor of shape
      [batch_size] or a tensor whose shape matches `predictions`.
    scope: The scope for the operations performed in computing the loss.

  Returns:
    A scalar `Tensor` representing the loss value.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If the shape of `predictions` doesn't match that of `labels` or
      if the shape of `weights` is invalid.
  """
  with ops.name_scope(scope, "mean_squared_error",
                      [predictions, labels, weights]) as scope:
    predictions.get_shape().assert_is_compatible_with(labels.get_shape())
    predictions = math_ops.to_float(predictions)
    labels = math_ops.to_float(labels)
    losses = math_ops.square(math_ops.subtract(predictions, labels))
    return compute_weighted_loss(losses, weights, scope=scope)