C++ SurfaceInteraction::SpawnRay方法代码示例

Spectrum DirectLightingIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &ray,
                                      const Scene &scene, Sampler &sampler,
                                      MemoryArena &arena, int depth) const {
    ProfilePhase p(Prof::SamplerIntegratorLi);
    Spectrum L(0.f);
    // Find closest ray intersection or return background radiance
    SurfaceInteraction isect;
    if (!scene.Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
        for (const auto &light : scene.lights) L += light->Le(ray);
        return L;
    }

    // Compute scattering functions for surface interaction
    isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena);
    if (!isect.bsdf)
        return Li(isect.SpawnRay(ray.d), scene, sampler, arena, depth);
    Vector3f wo = isect.wo;
    // Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
    L += isect.Le(wo);
    if (scene.lights.size() > 0) {
        // Compute direct lighting for _DirectLightingIntegrator_ integrator
        if (strategy == LightStrategy::UniformSampleAll)
            L += UniformSampleAllLights(isect, scene, arena, sampler,
                                        nLightSamples);
        else
            L += UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, arena, sampler);
    }
    if (depth + 1 < maxDepth) {
        Vector3f wi;
        // Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
        L += SpecularReflect(ray, isect, scene, sampler, arena, depth);
        L += SpecularTransmit(ray, isect, scene, sampler, arena, depth);
    }
    return L;
}

Spectrum SamplerIntegrator::SpecularTransmit(
    const RayDifferential &ray, const SurfaceInteraction &isect,
    const Scene &scene, Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena, int depth) const {
    Vector3f wo = isect.wo, wi;
    Float pdf;
    const Point3f &p = isect.p;
    const Normal3f &ns = isect.shading.n;
    const BSDF &bsdf = *isect.bsdf;
    Spectrum f = bsdf.Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                               BxDFType(BSDF_TRANSMISSION | BSDF_SPECULAR));
    Spectrum L = Spectrum(0.f);
    if (pdf > 0.f && !f.IsBlack() && AbsDot(wi, ns) != 0.f) {
        // Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular transmission
        RayDifferential rd = isect.SpawnRay(wi);
        if (ray.hasDifferentials) {
            rd.hasDifferentials = true;
            rd.rxOrigin = p + isect.dpdx;
            rd.ryOrigin = p + isect.dpdy;

            Float eta = bsdf.eta;
            Vector3f w = -wo;
            if (Dot(wo, ns) < 0) eta = 1.f / eta;

            Normal3f dndx = isect.shading.dndu * isect.dudx +
                            isect.shading.dndv * isect.dvdx;
            Normal3f dndy = isect.shading.dndu * isect.dudy +
                            isect.shading.dndv * isect.dvdy;

            Vector3f dwodx = -ray.rxDirection - wo,
                     dwody = -ray.ryDirection - wo;
            Float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, ns) + Dot(wo, dndx);
            Float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, ns) + Dot(wo, dndy);

            Float mu = eta * Dot(w, ns) - Dot(wi, ns);
            Float dmudx =
                (eta - (eta * eta * Dot(w, ns)) / Dot(wi, ns)) * dDNdx;
            Float dmudy =
                (eta - (eta * eta * Dot(w, ns)) / Dot(wi, ns)) * dDNdy;

            rd.rxDirection =
                wi + eta * dwodx - Vector3f(mu * dndx + dmudx * ns);
            rd.ryDirection =
                wi + eta * dwody - Vector3f(mu * dndy + dmudy * ns);
        }
        L = f * Li(rd, scene, sampler, arena, depth + 1) * AbsDot(wi, ns) / pdf;
    }
    return L;
}

// WhittedIntegrator Method Definitions
Spectrum WhittedIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &ray, const Scene &scene,
                               Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena,
                               int depth) const {
    Spectrum L(0.);
    // Find closest ray intersection or return background radiance
    SurfaceInteraction isect;
    if (!scene.Intersect(ray, &isect)) {
        for (const auto &light : scene.lights) L += light->Le(ray);
        return L;
    }

    // Compute emitted and reflected light at ray intersection point

    // Initialize common variables for Whitted integrator
    const Normal3f &n = isect.shading.n;
    Vector3f wo = isect.wo;

    // Compute scattering functions for surface interaction
    isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena);
    if (!isect.bsdf)
        return Li(isect.SpawnRay(ray.d), scene, sampler, arena, depth);

    // Compute emitted light if ray hit an area light source
    L += isect.Le(wo);

    // Add contribution of each light source
    for (const auto &light : scene.lights) {
        Vector3f wi;
        Float pdf;
        VisibilityTester visibility;
        Spectrum Li =
            light->Sample_Li(isect, sampler.Get2D(), &wi, &pdf, &visibility);
        if (Li.IsBlack() || pdf == 0) continue;
        Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->f(wo, wi);
        if (!f.IsBlack() && visibility.Unoccluded(scene))
            L += f * Li * AbsDot(wi, n) / pdf;
    }
    if (depth + 1 < maxDepth) {
        // Trace rays for specular reflection and refraction
        L += SpecularReflect(ray, isect, scene, sampler, arena, depth);
        L += SpecularTransmit(ray, isect, scene, sampler, arena, depth);
    }
    return L;
}

Spectrum SamplerIntegrator::SpecularReflect(
    const RayDifferential &ray, const SurfaceInteraction &isect,
    const Scene &scene, Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena, int depth) const {
    // Compute specular reflection direction _wi_ and BSDF value
    Vector3f wo = isect.wo, wi;
    Float pdf;
    BxDFType type = BxDFType(BSDF_REFLECTION | BSDF_SPECULAR);
    Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf, type);

    // Return contribution of specular reflection
    const Normal3f &ns = isect.shading.n;
    if (pdf > 0.f && !f.IsBlack() && AbsDot(wi, ns) != 0.f) {
        // Compute ray differential _rd_ for specular reflection
        RayDifferential rd = isect.SpawnRay(wi);
        if (ray.hasDifferentials) {
            rd.hasDifferentials = true;
            rd.rxOrigin = isect.p + isect.dpdx;
            rd.ryOrigin = isect.p + isect.dpdy;
            // Compute differential reflected directions
            Normal3f dndx = isect.shading.dndu * isect.dudx +
                            isect.shading.dndv * isect.dvdx;
            Normal3f dndy = isect.shading.dndu * isect.dudy +
                            isect.shading.dndv * isect.dvdy;
            Vector3f dwodx = -ray.rxDirection - wo,
                     dwody = -ray.ryDirection - wo;
            Float dDNdx = Dot(dwodx, ns) + Dot(wo, dndx);
            Float dDNdy = Dot(dwody, ns) + Dot(wo, dndy);
            rd.rxDirection =
                wi - dwodx + 2.f * Vector3f(Dot(wo, ns) * dndx + dDNdx * ns);
            rd.ryDirection =
                wi - dwody + 2.f * Vector3f(Dot(wo, ns) * dndy + dDNdy * ns);
        }
        return f * Li(rd, scene, sampler, arena, depth + 1) * AbsDot(wi, ns) /
               pdf;
    } else
        return Spectrum(0.f);
}

// VolPathIntegrator Method Definitions
Spectrum VolPathIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &r, const Scene &scene,
                               Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena,
                               int depth) const {
    ProfilePhase p(Prof::SamplerIntegratorLi);
    Spectrum L(0.f), alpha(1.f);
    RayDifferential ray(r);
    bool specularBounce = false;
    for (int bounces = 0;; ++bounces) {
        // Store intersection into _isect_
        SurfaceInteraction isect;
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);

        // Sample the participating medium, if present
        MediumInteraction mi;
        if (ray.medium) alpha *= ray.medium->Sample(ray, sampler, arena, &mi);
        if (alpha.IsBlack()) break;

        // Handle an interaction with a medium or a surface
        if (mi.IsValid()) {
            // Handle medium scattering case
            Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
            L += alpha * UniformSampleOneLight(mi, scene, sampler, arena, true);
            Point2f phaseSample = sampler.Get2D();
            mi.phase->Sample_p(wo, &wi, phaseSample);
            ray = mi.SpawnRay(wi);
        } else {
            // Handle surface scattering case

            // Possibly add emitted light and terminate
            if (bounces == 0 || specularBounce) {
                // Add emitted light at path vertex or from the environment
                if (foundIntersection)
                    L += alpha * isect.Le(-ray.d);
                else
                    for (const auto &light : scene.lights)
                        L += alpha * light->Le(ray);
            }
            if (!foundIntersection || bounces >= maxDepth) break;

            // Compute scattering functions and skip over medium boundaries
            isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true);
            if (!isect.bsdf) {
                ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
                bounces--;
                continue;
            }

            // Sample illumination from lights to find attenuated path
            // contribution
            L += alpha *
                 UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, sampler, arena, true);

            // Sample BSDF to get new path direction
            Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
            Float pdf;
            BxDFType flags;
            Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                              BSDF_ALL, &flags);
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
            alpha *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdf;
            Assert(std::isinf(alpha.y()) == false);
            specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);

            // Account for attenuated subsurface scattering, if applicable
            if (isect.bssrdf && (flags & BSDF_TRANSMISSION)) {
                // Importance sample the BSSRDF
                SurfaceInteraction pi;
                Spectrum S = isect.bssrdf->Sample_S(
                    scene, sampler.Get1D(), sampler.Get2D(), arena, &pi, &pdf);
#ifndef NDEBUG
                Assert(std::isinf(alpha.y()) == false);
#endif
                if (S.IsBlack() || pdf == 0) break;
                alpha *= S / pdf;

                // Account for the attenuated direct subsurface scattering
                // component
                L += alpha *
                     UniformSampleOneLight(pi, scene, sampler, arena, true);

                // Account for the indirect subsurface scattering component
                Spectrum f = pi.bsdf->Sample_f(pi.wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(),
                                               &pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
                if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
                alpha *= f * AbsDot(wi, pi.shading.n) / pdf;
#ifndef NDEBUG
                Assert(std::isinf(alpha.y()) == false);
#endif
                specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
                ray = pi.SpawnRay(wi);
            }
        }

        // Possibly terminate the path
        if (bounces > 3) {
            Float continueProbability = std::min((Float).5, alpha.y());
            if (sampler.Get1D() > continueProbability) break;
            alpha /= continueProbability;
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

rose::Spectrum rose::PathTracerIntegrator::IncomingRadiance(const rose::Ray &ray,
                                                            const rose::RayInterval &interval,
                                                            const rose::Scene &scene,
                                                            uint32_t) const {
    // Final incoming radiance and accumulation value
    Spectrum L(0.f), beta(1.f);
    Ray current_ray(ray);
    RayInterval current_interval(interval);
    bool specular_bounce = false;
    uint32_t bounces;
    // Keep track of specular bounce
    for (bounces = 0;; ++bounces) {
        SurfaceInteraction interaction;
        bool found_interaction = scene.Intersect(current_ray, current_interval, &interaction);

        // Possibly add emission
        if (bounces == 0 || specular_bounce) {
            // Add emitted light
            if (found_interaction) {
                L += beta * interaction.Le(Normalize(-current_ray.Direction()));
            } else {
                for (const auto &light : scene.Lights()) {
                    L += beta * light->Le(current_ray);
                }
            }
        }

        // Terminate path if ray escaped or max depth reached
        if (!found_interaction || bounces >= max_depth) { break; }

        // Compute scattering function
        std::unique_ptr<BSDF> bsdf = interaction.CreateBSDF(true);

        // Get shading variables
        const Vector3f n = interaction.sh_frame.N();
        const Vector3f wo = Normalize(-current_ray.Direction());

        // Loop over all lights and add direct contribution
        for (const auto &light : scene.Lights()) {
            // Sample light
            LightSample light_sample;
            OcclusionTester occlusion_tester;
            Spectrum Li = light->SampleLi(interaction, sampler->Next2D(), &light_sample, &occlusion_tester);
            // Check light return
            if (Li.IsBlack() || light_sample.pdf == 0.f) { continue; }
            // Evaluate BSDF
            Spectrum f = bsdf->F(wo, light_sample.wi);
            if (!f.IsBlack() && occlusion_tester.Unoccluded(scene)) {
                L += beta * f * Li * AbsDotProduct(n, light_sample.wi) / light_sample.pdf;
            }
        }

        // Sample BSDF to get new path
        BXDFSample bsdf_sample;
        Spectrum f = bsdf->SampleF(wo, sampler->Next2D(), &bsdf_sample);
        if (f.IsBlack() || bsdf_sample.pdf == 0.f) { break; }
        // Update beta
        beta *= f * AbsDotProduct(bsdf_sample.wi, n) / bsdf_sample.pdf;
        // Check if bounce is specular
        specular_bounce = (bsdf_sample.sampled_type & SPECULAR) != 0;
        // Compute new ray
        current_ray = interaction.SpawnRay(bsdf_sample.wi);

        // Possibly terminate path with Russian roulette
        if (bounces > 3) {
            float q = std::max(0.05f, 1.f - beta.Norm());
            if (sampler->Next1D() < q) { break; }
            beta /= 1.f - q;
        }
    }

    return L;
}

// PathIntegrator Method Definitions
Spectrum PathIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &r, const Scene &scene,
                            Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena) const {
    Spectrum L(0.f);
    // Declare common path integration variables
    RayDifferential ray(r);
    Spectrum pathThroughput = Spectrum(1.f);
    bool specularBounce = false;
    for (int bounces = 0;; ++bounces) {
        // Store intersection into _isect_
        SurfaceInteraction isect;
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);

        // Possibly add emitted light and terminate
        if (bounces == 0 || specularBounce) {
            // Add emitted light at path vertex or from the environment
            if (foundIntersection)
                L += pathThroughput * isect.Le(-ray.d);
            else
                for (const auto &light : scene.lights)
                    L += pathThroughput * light->Le(ray);
        }
        if (!foundIntersection || bounces >= maxDepth) break;

        // Compute scattering functions and skip over medium boundaries
        isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true);
        if (!isect.bsdf) {
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
            bounces--;
            continue;
        }

        // Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution
        L += pathThroughput *
             UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, sampler, arena);

        // Sample BSDF to get new path direction
        Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
        Float pdf;
        BxDFType flags;
        Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                          BSDF_ALL, &flags);

        if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
        pathThroughput *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdf;
#ifndef NDEBUG
        Assert(std::isinf(pathThroughput.y()) == false);
#endif
        specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
        ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);

        // Account for subsurface scattering, if applicable
        if (isect.bssrdf && (flags & BSDF_TRANSMISSION)) {
            // Importance sample the BSSRDF
            BSSRDFSample bssrdfSample;
            bssrdfSample.uDiscrete = sampler.Get1D();
            bssrdfSample.pos = sampler.Get2D();
            SurfaceInteraction isect_out = isect;
            pathThroughput *= isect.bssrdf->Sample_f(
                isect_out, scene, ray.time, bssrdfSample, arena, &isect, &pdf);
#ifndef NDEBUG
            Assert(std::isinf(pathThroughput.y()) == false);
#endif
            if (pathThroughput.IsBlack()) break;

            // Account for the direct subsurface scattering component
            isect.wo = Vector3f(isect.shading.n);

            // Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution
            L += pathThroughput *
                 UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, sampler, arena);

            // Account for the indirect subsurface scattering component
            Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(isect.wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(),
                                              &pdf, BSDF_ALL, &flags);
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
            pathThroughput *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdf;
#ifndef NDEBUG
            Assert(std::isinf(pathThroughput.y()) == false);
#endif
            specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);
        }

        // Possibly terminate the path
        if (bounces > 3) {
            Float continueProbability = std::min((Float).5, pathThroughput.y());
            if (sampler.Get1D() > continueProbability) break;
            pathThroughput /= continueProbability;
            Assert(std::isinf(pathThroughput.y()) == false);
        }
    }
    return L;
}

Spectrum VolPathIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &r, const Scene &scene,
                               Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena,
                               int depth) const {
    ProfilePhase p(Prof::SamplerIntegratorLi);
    Spectrum L(0.f), beta(1.f);
    RayDifferential ray(r);
    bool specularBounce = false;
    int bounces;
    // Added after book publication: etaScale tracks the accumulated effect
    // of radiance scaling due to rays passing through refractive
    // boundaries (see the derivation on p. 527 of the third edition). We
    // track this value in order to remove it from beta when we apply
    // Russian roulette; this is worthwhile, since it lets us sometimes
    // avoid terminating refracted rays that are about to be refracted back
    // out of a medium and thus have their beta value increased.
    Float etaScale = 1;

    for (bounces = 0;; ++bounces) {
        // Intersect _ray_ with scene and store intersection in _isect_
        SurfaceInteraction isect;
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);

        // Sample the participating medium, if present
        MediumInteraction mi;
        if (ray.medium) beta *= ray.medium->Sample(ray, sampler, arena, &mi);
        if (beta.IsBlack()) break;

        // Handle an interaction with a medium or a surface
        if (mi.IsValid()) {
            // Terminate path if ray escaped or _maxDepth_ was reached
            if (bounces >= maxDepth) break;

            ++volumeInteractions;
            // Handle scattering at point in medium for volumetric path tracer
            const Distribution1D *lightDistrib =
                lightDistribution->Lookup(mi.p);
            L += beta * UniformSampleOneLight(mi, scene, arena, sampler, true,
                                              lightDistrib);

            Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
            mi.phase->Sample_p(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D());
            ray = mi.SpawnRay(wi);
        } else {
            ++surfaceInteractions;
            // Handle scattering at point on surface for volumetric path tracer

            // Possibly add emitted light at intersection
            if (bounces == 0 || specularBounce) {
                // Add emitted light at path vertex or from the environment
                if (foundIntersection)
                    L += beta * isect.Le(-ray.d);
                else
                    for (const auto &light : scene.infiniteLights)
                        L += beta * light->Le(ray);
            }

            // Terminate path if ray escaped or _maxDepth_ was reached
            if (!foundIntersection || bounces >= maxDepth) break;

            // Compute scattering functions and skip over medium boundaries
            isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true);
            if (!isect.bsdf) {
                ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
                bounces--;
                continue;
            }

            // Sample illumination from lights to find attenuated path
            // contribution
            const Distribution1D *lightDistrib =
                lightDistribution->Lookup(isect.p);
            L += beta * UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, arena, sampler,
                                              true, lightDistrib);

            // Sample BSDF to get new path direction
            Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
            Float pdf;
            BxDFType flags;
            Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                              BSDF_ALL, &flags);
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
            beta *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdf;
            DCHECK(std::isinf(beta.y()) == false);
            specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
            if ((flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) && (flags & BSDF_TRANSMISSION)) {
                Float eta = isect.bsdf->eta;
                // Update the term that tracks radiance scaling for refraction
                // depending on whether the ray is entering or leaving the
                // medium.
                etaScale *=
                    (Dot(wo, isect.n) > 0) ? (eta * eta) : 1 / (eta * eta);
            }
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray, wi, flags, isect.bsdf->eta);

            // Account for attenuated subsurface scattering, if applicable
            if (isect.bssrdf && (flags & BSDF_TRANSMISSION)) {
                // Importance sample the BSSRDF
                SurfaceInteraction pi;
                Spectrum S = isect.bssrdf->Sample_S(
                    scene, sampler.Get1D(), sampler.Get2D(), arena, &pi, &pdf);
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

int RandomWalk(const Scene &scene, RayDifferential ray, Sampler &sampler,
               MemoryArena &arena, Spectrum beta, Float pdf, int maxDepth,
               TransportMode mode, Vertex *path) {
    if (maxDepth == 0) return 0;
    int bounces = 0;
    // Declare variables for forward and reverse probability densities
    Float pdfFwd = pdf, pdfRev = 0;
    while (true) {
        // Attempt to create the next subpath vertex in _path_
        MediumInteraction mi;

        VLOG(2) << "Random walk. Bounces " << bounces << ", beta " << beta <<
            ", pdfFwd " << pdfFwd << ", pdfRev " << pdfRev;
        // Trace a ray and sample the medium, if any
        SurfaceInteraction isect;
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);
        if (ray.medium) beta *= ray.medium->Sample(ray, sampler, arena, &mi);
        if (beta.IsBlack()) break;
        Vertex &vertex = path[bounces], &prev = path[bounces - 1];
        if (mi.IsValid()) {
            // Record medium interaction in _path_ and compute forward density
            vertex = Vertex::CreateMedium(mi, beta, pdfFwd, prev);
            if (++bounces >= maxDepth) break;

            // Sample direction and compute reverse density at preceding vertex
            Vector3f wi;
            pdfFwd = pdfRev = mi.phase->Sample_p(-ray.d, &wi, sampler.Get2D());
            ray = mi.SpawnRay(wi);
        } else {
            // Handle surface interaction for path generation
            if (!foundIntersection) {
                // Capture escaped rays when tracing from the camera
                if (mode == TransportMode::Radiance) {
                    vertex = Vertex::CreateLight(EndpointInteraction(ray), beta,
                                                 pdfFwd);
                    ++bounces;
                }
                break;
            }

            // Compute scattering functions for _mode_ and skip over medium
            // boundaries
            isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true, mode);
            if (!isect.bsdf) {
                ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
                continue;
            }

            // Initialize _vertex_ with surface intersection information
            vertex = Vertex::CreateSurface(isect, beta, pdfFwd, prev);
            if (++bounces >= maxDepth) break;

            // Sample BSDF at current vertex and compute reverse probability
            Vector3f wi, wo = isect.wo;
            BxDFType type;
            Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdfFwd,
                                              BSDF_ALL, &type);
            VLOG(2) << "Random walk sampled dir " << wi << " f: " << f <<
                ", pdfFwd: " << pdfFwd;
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdfFwd == 0.f) break;
            beta *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdfFwd;
            VLOG(2) << "Random walk beta now " << beta;
            pdfRev = isect.bsdf->Pdf(wi, wo, BSDF_ALL);
            if (type & BSDF_SPECULAR) {
                vertex.delta = true;
                pdfRev = pdfFwd = 0;
            }
            beta *= CorrectShadingNormal(isect, wo, wi, mode);
            VLOG(2) << "Random walk beta after shading normal correction " << beta;
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);
        }

        // Compute reverse area density at preceding vertex
        prev.pdfRev = vertex.ConvertDensity(pdfRev, prev);
    }
    return bounces;
}

// PathIntegrator Method Definitions
Spectrum PathIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &r, const Scene &scene,
                            Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena,
                            int depth) const {
    ProfilePhase p(Prof::SamplerIntegratorLi);
    Spectrum L(0.f), beta(1.f);
    RayDifferential ray(r);
    bool specularBounce = false;
    for (int bounces = 0;; ++bounces) {
        // Find next path vertex and accumulate contribution

        // Intersect _ray_ with scene and store intersection in _isect_
        SurfaceInteraction isect;
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);

        // Possibly add emitted light at intersection
        if (bounces == 0 || specularBounce) {
            // Add emitted light at path vertex or from the environment
            if (foundIntersection)
                L += beta * isect.Le(-ray.d);
            else
                for (const auto &light : scene.lights)
                    L += beta * light->Le(ray);
        }

        // Terminate path if ray escaped or _maxDepth_ was reached
        if (!foundIntersection || bounces >= maxDepth) break;

        // Compute scattering functions and skip over medium boundaries
        isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true);
        if (!isect.bsdf) {
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
            bounces--;
            continue;
        }

        // Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution
        L += beta * UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, arena, sampler);

        // Sample BSDF to get new path direction
        Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
        Float pdf;
        BxDFType flags;
        Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                          BSDF_ALL, &flags);
        if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
        beta *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdf;
        Assert(std::isinf(beta.y()) == false);
        specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
        ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);

        // Account for subsurface scattering, if applicable
        if (isect.bssrdf && (flags & BSDF_TRANSMISSION)) {
            // Importance sample the BSSRDF
            SurfaceInteraction pi;
            Spectrum S = isect.bssrdf->Sample_S(
                scene, sampler.Get1D(), sampler.Get2D(), arena, &pi, &pdf);
#ifndef NDEBUG
            Assert(std::isinf(beta.y()) == false);
#endif
            if (S.IsBlack() || pdf == 0) break;
            beta *= S / pdf;

            // Account for the direct subsurface scattering component
            L += beta * UniformSampleOneLight(pi, scene, arena, sampler);

            // Account for the indirect subsurface scattering component
            Spectrum f = pi.bsdf->Sample_f(pi.wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                           BSDF_ALL, &flags);
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0) break;
            beta *= f * AbsDot(wi, pi.shading.n) / pdf;
#ifndef NDEBUG
            Assert(std::isinf(beta.y()) == false);
#endif
            specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
            ray = pi.SpawnRay(wi);
        }

        // Possibly terminate the path with Russian roulette
        if (bounces > 3) {
            Float continueProbability = std::min((Float).95, beta.y());
            if (sampler.Get1D() > continueProbability) break;
            beta /= continueProbability;
            Assert(std::isinf(beta.y()) == false);
        }
    }
    return L;
}

Spectrum PathIntegrator::Li(const RayDifferential &r, const Scene &scene,
                            Sampler &sampler, MemoryArena &arena,
                            int depth) const {
    ProfilePhase p(Prof::SamplerIntegratorLi);
    Spectrum L(0.f), beta(1.f);
    RayDifferential ray(r);
    bool specularBounce = false;
    int bounces;
    for (bounces = 0;; ++bounces) {
        // Find next path vertex and accumulate contribution
        VLOG(2) << "Path tracer bounce " << bounces << ", current L = " << L <<
            ", beta = " << beta;

        // Intersect _ray_ with scene and store intersection in _isect_
        SurfaceInteraction isect;
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);

        // Possibly add emitted light at intersection
        if (bounces == 0 || specularBounce) {
            // Add emitted light at path vertex or from the environment
            if (foundIntersection) {
                L += beta * isect.Le(-ray.d);
                VLOG(2) << "Added Le -> L = " << L;
            } else {
                for (const auto &light : scene.infiniteLights)
                    L += beta * light->Le(ray);
                VLOG(2) << "Added infinite area lights -> L = " << L;
            }
        }

        // Terminate path if ray escaped or _maxDepth_ was reached
        if (!foundIntersection || bounces >= maxDepth) break;

        // Compute scattering functions and skip over medium boundaries
        isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true);
        if (!isect.bsdf) {
            VLOG(2) << "Skipping intersection due to null bsdf";
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
            bounces--;
            continue;
        }

        const Distribution1D *distrib = lightDistribution->Lookup(isect.p);

        // Sample illumination from lights to find path contribution.
        // (But skip this for perfectly specular BSDFs.)
        if (isect.bsdf->NumComponents(BxDFType(BSDF_ALL & ~BSDF_SPECULAR)) >
            0) {
            ++totalPaths;
            Spectrum Ld =
                beta * UniformSampleOneLight(isect, scene, arena, sampler, false,
                                             distrib);
            VLOG(2) << "Sampled direct lighting Ld = " << Ld;
            if (Ld.IsBlack()) ++zeroRadiancePaths;
            CHECK_GE(Ld.y(), 0.f);
            L += Ld;
        }

        // Sample BSDF to get new path direction
        Vector3f wo = -ray.d, wi;
        Float pdf;
        BxDFType flags;
        Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                          BSDF_ALL, &flags);
        VLOG(2) << "Sampled BSDF, f = " << f << ", pdf = " << pdf;
        if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0.f) break;
        beta *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdf;
        VLOG(2) << "Updated beta = " << beta;
        CHECK_GE(beta.y(), 0.f);
        DCHECK(!std::isinf(beta.y()));
        specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
        ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);

        // Account for subsurface scattering, if applicable
        if (isect.bssrdf && (flags & BSDF_TRANSMISSION)) {
            // Importance sample the BSSRDF
            SurfaceInteraction pi;
            Spectrum S = isect.bssrdf->Sample_S(
                scene, sampler.Get1D(), sampler.Get2D(), arena, &pi, &pdf);
            DCHECK(!std::isinf(beta.y()));
            if (S.IsBlack() || pdf == 0) break;
            beta *= S / pdf;

            // Account for the direct subsurface scattering component
            L += beta * UniformSampleOneLight(pi, scene, arena, sampler, false,
                                              lightDistribution->Lookup(pi.p));

            // Account for the indirect subsurface scattering component
            Spectrum f = pi.bsdf->Sample_f(pi.wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdf,
                                           BSDF_ALL, &flags);
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdf == 0) break;
            beta *= f * AbsDot(wi, pi.shading.n) / pdf;
            DCHECK(!std::isinf(beta.y()));
            specularBounce = (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) != 0;
            ray = pi.SpawnRay(wi);
        }

        // Possibly terminate the path with Russian roulette
        if (beta.y() < rrThreshold && bounces > 3) {
            Float q = std::max((Float).05, 1 - beta.MaxComponentValue());
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

int RandomWalk(const Scene &scene, RayDifferential ray, Sampler &sampler,
               MemoryArena &arena, Spectrum weight, Float pdfFwd, int maxdepth,
               TransportMode mode, Vertex *path) {
    int bounces = 0;
    if (maxdepth == 0) return 0;
    SurfaceInteraction isect;
    MediumInteraction mi;
    while (true) {
        // Trace a ray and sample the medium, if any
        bool foundIntersection = scene.Intersect(ray, &isect);
        if (ray.medium) weight *= ray.medium->Sample(ray, sampler, arena, &mi);
        if (weight.IsBlack()) break;
        Vertex &vertex = path[bounces], &prev = path[bounces - 1];
        Float pdfRev;
        if (mi.IsValid()) {
            // Handle the medium case

            // Record medium interaction in _path_ and compute forward density
            vertex = Vertex(mi, weight);
            vertex.pdfFwd = ConvertDensity(prev, pdfFwd, vertex);
            if (++bounces >= maxdepth) break;

            // Sample direction and compute reverse density at preceding vertex
            Vector3f wi;
            pdfFwd = pdfRev = mi.phase->Sample_p(-ray.d, &wi, sampler.Get2D());
            ray = mi.SpawnRay(wi);
        } else {
            // Handle the surface case
            if (!foundIntersection) {
                // Capture escaped rays when tracing from the camera
                if (mode == TransportMode::Radiance) {
                    vertex = Vertex(VertexType::Light, EndpointInteraction(ray),
                                    weight);
                    vertex.pdfFwd = pdfFwd;
                    ++bounces;
                }
                break;
            }

            // Compute scattering functions for _mode_ and skip over medium
            // boundaries
            isect.ComputeScatteringFunctions(ray, arena, true, mode);
            if (!isect.bsdf) {
                ray = isect.SpawnRay(ray.d);
                continue;
            }

            // Fill _vertex_ with intersection information
            vertex = Vertex(isect, weight);
            vertex.pdfFwd = ConvertDensity(prev, pdfFwd, vertex);
            if (++bounces >= maxdepth) break;

            // Sample BSDF at current vertex and compute reverse probability
            Vector3f wi, wo = isect.wo;
            BxDFType flags;
            Spectrum f = isect.bsdf->Sample_f(wo, &wi, sampler.Get2D(), &pdfFwd,
                                              BSDF_ALL, &flags);
            if (f.IsBlack() || pdfFwd == 0.f) break;
            weight *= f * AbsDot(wi, isect.shading.n) / pdfFwd;
            pdfRev = isect.bsdf->Pdf(wi, wo, BSDF_ALL);
            if (flags & BSDF_SPECULAR) {
                vertex.delta = true;
                pdfRev = pdfFwd = 0;
            }
            weight *= ShadingNormalCorrection(isect, wo, wi, mode);
            ray = isect.SpawnRay(wi);
        }
        // Compute reverse area density at preceding vertex
        prev.pdfRev = ConvertDensity(vertex, pdfRev, prev);
    }
    return bounces;
}