C++ TSSetInitialTimeStep函数代码示例

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       time_steps = 100,steps;
  PetscMPIInt    size;
  Vec            global;
  PetscReal      dt,ftime;
  TS             ts;
  MatStructure   A_structure;
  Mat            A = 0;

  ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MPI_Comm_size(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscOptionsGetInt(NULL,"-time",&time_steps,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* set initial conditions */
  ierr = VecCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&global);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecSetSizes(global,PETSC_DECIDE,3);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecSetFromOptions(global);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = Initial(global,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* make timestep context */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSMonitorSet(ts,Monitor,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  dt = 0.1;

  /*
    The user provides the RHS and Jacobian
  */
  ierr = TSSetRHSFunction(ts,NULL,RHSFunction,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetSizes(A,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,3,3);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetFromOptions(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetUp(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = RHSJacobian(ts,0.0,global,&A,&A,&A_structure,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetRHSJacobian(ts,A,A,RHSJacobian,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,dt);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,time_steps,1);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,global);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSSolve(ts,global);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetTimeStepNumber(ts,&steps);CHKERRQ(ierr);


  /* free the memories */

  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&global);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatDestroy(&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  return 0;
}

 TimeStepper( Jac G_u, Matrix& A, times t, TSType solver_type)
     : TimeStepper( problem_type::linear, solver_type, A.comm() )
 {
     static Jac G_u_ = G_u;
     TSSetInitialTimeStep( ts, t.ti, t.dt );
     TSSetDuration( ts, static_cast<int>( ( t.tf - t.ti ) / t.dt ) + 10,
                    t.tf );
     TSSetRHSFunction( ts, NULL, TSComputeRHSFunctionLinear, NULL );
     TSSetRHSJacobian( ts, A.m_, A.m_,
                       TimeStepper::RHSJacobian_function<Jac>, &G_u_ );
 }

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  Vec            x;  /* Solution vector */
  TS             ts;   /* Time-stepping context */
  AppCtx         user; /* Application context */
  Mat            J;
  PetscViewer    viewer;

  PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,"petscopt_ex6", help);

  /* Get physics and time parameters */
  ierr = Parameter_settings(&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /* Create a 2D DA with dof = 1 */
  ierr = DMDACreate2d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,DMDA_BOUNDARY_NONE,DMDA_BOUNDARY_NONE,DMDA_STENCIL_STAR,-4,-4,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,1,1,NULL,NULL,&user.da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /* Set x and y coordinates */
  ierr = DMDASetUniformCoordinates(user.da,user.xmin,user.xmax,user.ymin,user.ymax,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* Get global vector x from DM  */
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(user.da,&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = ini_bou(x,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscViewerBinaryOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"ini_x",FILE_MODE_WRITE,&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(x,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscViewerDestroy(&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* Get Jacobian matrix structure from the da */
  ierr = DMSetMatType(user.da,MATAIJ);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMCreateMatrix(user.da,&J);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,IFunction,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIJacobian(ts,J,J,IJacobian,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetApplicationContext(ts,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,PETSC_DEFAULT,user.tmax);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,user.t0,.005);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetPostStep(ts,PostStep);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscViewerBinaryOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"fin_x",FILE_MODE_WRITE,&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(x,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscViewerDestroy(&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecDestroy(&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatDestroy(&J);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDestroy(&user.da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFinalize();
  return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  Vec            x;  /* Solution vector */
  TS             ts;   /* Time-stepping context */
  AppCtx         user; /* Application context */
  PetscViewer    viewer;

  PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,"petscopt_ex7", help);

  /* Get physics and time parameters */
  ierr = Parameter_settings(&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /* Create a 2D DA with dof = 1 */
  ierr = DMDACreate2d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,user.bx,user.by,DMDA_STENCIL_STAR,-4,-4,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,1,user.st_width,NULL,NULL,&user.da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /* Set x and y coordinates */
  ierr = DMDASetUniformCoordinates(user.da,user.xmin,user.xmax,user.ymin,user.ymax,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetCoordinateName(user.da,0,"X - the angle");
  ierr = DMDASetCoordinateName(user.da,1,"Y - the speed");

  /* Get global vector x from DM  */
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(user.da,&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = ini_bou(x,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscViewerBinaryOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"ini_x",FILE_MODE_WRITE,&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(x,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscViewerDestroy(&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDM(ts,user.da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSARKIMEX);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,IFunction,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /*  ierr = TSSetIJacobian(ts,NULL,NULL,IJacobian,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);  */
  ierr = TSSetApplicationContext(ts,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.005);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetPostStep(ts,PostStep);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscViewerBinaryOpen(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"fin_x",FILE_MODE_WRITE,&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(x,viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscViewerDestroy(&viewer);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecDestroy(&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDestroy(&user.da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  PetscFinalize();
  return 0;
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  TS             ts;
  SNES           snes;
  SNESLineSearch linesearch;
  Vec            x;
  AppCtx         ctx;
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  DM             da;

  ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);if (ierr) return ierr;
  ierr = SetFromOptions(&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSCN);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts, NULL, FormIFunction, &ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDACreate2d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE,DMDA_STENCIL_STAR,-4,-4,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,N_SPECIES,1,NULL,NULL,&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetUniformCoordinates(da, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetFieldName(da,0,"species A");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetFieldName(da,1,"species B");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetFieldName(da,2,"species C");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMSetApplicationContext(da,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = FormInitialGuess(da, &ctx, x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSSetDM(ts, da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,10000,1000.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,1.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSGetSNES(ts,&snes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESGetLineSearch(snes,&linesearch);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESLineSearchSetPostCheck(linesearch, ReactingFlowPostCheck, (void*)&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = SNESSetFromOptions(snes);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecDestroy(&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDestroy(&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  
  PetscInitialize( &argc, &argv, (char*)0, 0);

  Grid g = DecomposeGrid( CartesianGrid(N, N) );

  std::cout << g.cells().size() << std::endl;

  Vec u,r;
  u = CreateGhostedVector(g);

  VecDuplicate(u, &r);
  double dt = 1.0 / (N*(fabs(a)+fabs(b)));
  
  // Pocatecni podminka
  VecSet(u, 0.0);
  
  MyContext ctx;
  ctx.gptr = &g;
 
  double t = 0;
  
  TS ts;
  TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &ts);
  TSSetProblemType(ts, TS_NONLINEAR);
  TSSetSolution(ts, u);
  TSSetRHSFunction(ts, NULL, CalculateRHS, &ctx);
  TSSetType(ts, TSEULER);
  TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts, 0.0, dt);
  TSSetDuration(ts, 10000000, tEnd);
  TSSetExactFinalTime(ts, TS_EXACTFINALTIME_MATCHSTEP);
  TSSetFromOptions(ts);
  
  TSSolve(ts, u);

  Save(u, "u.dat");
  
  VecDestroy(&r);
  VecDestroy(&u);
  PetscFinalize();

  return 0;
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  TS                     ts;
  Vec                    x,c;
  PetscErrorCode         ierr;
  DM                     da;

  PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char *)0,help);
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSCN);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDACreate2d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, DMDA_BOUNDARY_NONE, DMDA_BOUNDARY_NONE,DMDA_STENCIL_STAR,-4,-4,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,1,1,PETSC_NULL,PETSC_NULL,&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetUniformCoordinates(da, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = DMDASetFieldName(da,0,"Heat");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = FormInitialGuess(da,PETSC_NULL,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDATSSetIFunctionLocal(da,INSERT_VALUES,(PetscErrorCode (*)(DMDALocalInfo*,PetscReal,void*,void*,void*,void*))FormIFunctionLocal,PETSC_NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* set up the coefficient */
  ierr = DMGetNamedGlobalVector(da,"coefficient",&c);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = FormDiffusionCoefficient(da,PETSC_NULL,c);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMRestoreNamedGlobalVector(da,"coefficient",&c);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = DMCoarsenHookAdd(da,PETSC_NULL,CoefficientRestrictHook,ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMSubDomainHookAdd(da,PETSC_NULL,CoefficientSubDomainRestrictHook,ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSSetDM(ts, da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,10000,1000.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,0.05);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSSolve(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecDestroy(&x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDestroy(&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFinalize();

  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  TS             ts;            /* ODE integrator */
  Vec            Y;             /* solution will be stored here */
  Mat            A;             /* Jacobian matrix */
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscMPIInt    size;
  PetscInt       n = 6;
  PetscScalar    *y;
 
  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Initialize program
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MPI_Comm_size(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (size > 1) SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Only for sequential runs");

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Create necessary matrix and vectors
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetSizes(A,n,n,PETSC_DETERMINE,PETSC_DETERMINE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetFromOptions(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetUp(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreateVecs(A,&Y,PETSC_NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecGetArray(Y,&y);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  y[0] = 0.0;
  y[1] = 3.0;
  y[2] = y[1];
  y[3] = 6.0;
  y[4] = 0.0;
  y[5] = 0.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(Y,&y);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  
  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSARKIMEX);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetEquationType(ts,TS_EQ_DAE_IMPLICIT_INDEX1);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSARKIMEXSetFullyImplicit(ts,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /*ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSROSW);CHKERRQ(ierr);*/
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,PETSC_NULL,IFunctionImplicit,PETSC_NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIJacobian(ts,A,A,IJacobianImplicit,PETSC_NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,Y);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set solver options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,100000,0.15);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.001);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Do Time stepping
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,Y);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  
  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Free work space.  All PETSc objects should be destroyed when they are no longer needed.
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatDestroy(&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&Y);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  return(0);
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  TS                ts;         /* time integrator */
  TSAdapt           adapt;
  Vec               X;          /* solution vector */
  Mat               J;          /* Jacobian matrix */
  PetscInt          steps,maxsteps,ncells,xs,xm,i;
  PetscErrorCode    ierr;
  PetscReal         ftime,dt;
  char              chemfile[PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN] = "chem.inp",thermofile[PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN] = "therm.dat";
  struct _User      user;
  TSConvergedReason reason;
  PetscBool         showsolutions = PETSC_FALSE;
  char              **snames,*names;
  Vec               lambda;     /* used with TSAdjoint for sensitivities */

  ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);if (ierr) return ierr;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBegin(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,NULL,"Chemistry solver options","");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsString("-chem","CHEMKIN input file","",chemfile,chemfile,sizeof(chemfile),NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsString("-thermo","NASA thermo input file","",thermofile,thermofile,sizeof(thermofile),NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.pressure = 1.01325e5;    /* Pascal */
  ierr = PetscOptionsReal("-pressure","Pressure of reaction [Pa]","",user.pressure,&user.pressure,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.Tini   = 1550;
  ierr = PetscOptionsReal("-Tini","Initial temperature [K]","",user.Tini,&user.Tini,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.diffus = 100;
  ierr = PetscOptionsReal("-diffus","Diffusion constant","",user.diffus,&user.diffus,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-draw_solution","Plot the solution for each cell","",showsolutions,&showsolutions,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.diffusion = PETSC_TRUE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-diffusion","Have diffusion","",user.diffusion,&user.diffusion,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.reactions = PETSC_TRUE;
  ierr = PetscOptionsBool("-reactions","Have reactions","",user.reactions,&user.reactions,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsEnd();CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TC_initChem(chemfile, thermofile, 0, 1.0);TCCHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.Nspec = TC_getNspec();
  user.Nreac = TC_getNreac();

  ierr    = DMDACreate1d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,DM_BOUNDARY_PERIODIC,-1,user.Nspec+1,1,NULL,&user.dm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr    = DMDAGetInfo(user.dm,NULL,&ncells,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  user.dx = 1.0/ncells;  /* Set the coordinates of the cell centers; note final ghost cell is at x coordinate 1.0 */
  ierr    = DMDASetUniformCoordinates(user.dm,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* set the names of each field in the DMDA based on the species name */
  ierr = PetscMalloc1((user.Nspec+1)*LENGTHOFSPECNAME,&names);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscStrcpy(names,"Temp");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  TC_getSnames(user.Nspec,names+LENGTHOFSPECNAME);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscMalloc1((user.Nspec+2),&snames);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  for (i=0; i<user.Nspec+1; i++) snames[i] = names+i*LENGTHOFSPECNAME;
  snames[user.Nspec+1] = NULL;
  ierr = DMDASetFieldNames(user.dm,(const char * const *)snames);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFree(snames);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFree(names);CHKERRQ(ierr);


  ierr = DMCreateMatrix(user.dm,&J);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(user.dm,&X);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscMalloc3(user.Nspec+1,&user.tchemwork,PetscSqr(user.Nspec+1),&user.Jdense,user.Nspec+1,&user.rows);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDM(ts,user.dm);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSARKIMEX);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSARKIMEXSetFullyImplicit(ts,PETSC_TRUE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSARKIMEXSetType(ts,TSARKIMEX4);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetRHSFunction(ts,NULL,FormRHSFunction,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetRHSJacobian(ts,J,J,FormRHSJacobian,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ftime    = 1.0;
  maxsteps = 10000;
  ierr     = TSSetDuration(ts,maxsteps,ftime);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr     = TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = FormInitialSolution(ts,X,&user);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,X);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  dt   = 1e-10;                 /* Initial time step */
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,dt);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetAdapt(ts,&adapt);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSAdaptSetStepLimits(adapt,1e-12,1e-4);CHKERRQ(ierr); /* Also available with -ts_adapt_dt_min/-ts_adapt_dt_max */
  ierr = TSSetMaxSNESFailures(ts,-1);CHKERRQ(ierr);            /* Retry step an unlimited number of times */


  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Pass information to graphical monitoring routine
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  if (showsolutions) {
    ierr = DMDAGetCorners(user.dm,&xs,NULL,NULL,&xm,NULL,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    for (i=xs;i<xs+xm;i++) {
      ierr = MonitorCell(ts,&user,i);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  }

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set runtime options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  AppCtx         appctx;                 /* user-defined application context */
  TS             ts;                     /* timestepping context */
  Vec            U;                      /* approximate solution vector */
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscReal      dt;
  DM             da;
  PetscInt       M;

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Initialize program and set problem parameters
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

  ierr          = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  appctx.a      = 1.0;
  appctx.d      = 0.0;
  ierr          = PetscOptionsGetScalar(NULL,"-a",&appctx.a,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr          = PetscOptionsGetScalar(NULL,"-d",&appctx.d,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  appctx.upwind = PETSC_TRUE;
  ierr          = PetscOptionsGetBool(NULL,"-upwind",&appctx.upwind,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = DMDACreate1d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,DMDA_BOUNDARY_PERIODIC, -60, 1, 1,NULL,&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create vector data structures
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

  /*
     Create vector data structures for approximate and exact solutions
  */
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDM(ts,da);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*
      For linear problems with a time-dependent f(U,t) in the equation
     u_t = f(u,t), the user provides the discretized right-hand-side
      as a time-dependent matrix.
  */
  ierr = TSSetRHSFunction(ts,NULL,TSComputeRHSFunctionLinear,&appctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetRHSJacobian(ts,NULL,NULL,RHSMatrixHeat,&appctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolutionFunction(ts,(PetscErrorCode (*)(TS,PetscReal,Vec,void*))Solution,&appctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Customize timestepping solver:
       - Set timestepping duration info
     Then set runtime options, which can override these defaults.
     For example,
          -ts_max_steps <maxsteps> -ts_final_time <maxtime>
     to override the defaults set by TSSetDuration().
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

  ierr = DMDAGetInfo(da,PETSC_IGNORE,&M,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  dt   = .48/(M*M);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,dt);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,1000,100.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSARKIMEX);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*
     Evaluate initial conditions
  */
  ierr = InitialConditions(ts,U,&appctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*
     Run the timestepping solver
  */
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);


  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Free work space.  All PETSc objects should be destroyed when they
     are no longer needed.
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */

  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDestroy(&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*
     Always call PetscFinalize() before exiting a program.  This routine
       - finalizes the PETSc libraries as well as MPI
       - provides summary and diagnostic information if certain runtime
         options are chosen (e.g., -log_summary).
  */
  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  return 0;
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  TS             ts;                  /* nonlinear solver */
  Vec            U;                   /* solution, residual vectors */
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  DM             da;
  AppCtx         appctx;

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Initialize program
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);

  appctx.epsilon = 1.0e-3;
  appctx.delta   = 1.0;
  appctx.alpha   = 10.0;
  appctx.beta    = 4.0;
  appctx.gamma   = 1.0;
  appctx.kappa   = .75;
  appctx.lambda  = 1.0;
  appctx.mu      = 100.;
  appctx.cstar   = .2;
  appctx.upwind  = PETSC_TRUE;

  ierr = PetscOptionsGetScalar(NULL,"-delta",&appctx.delta,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscOptionsGetBool(NULL,"-upwind",&appctx.upwind,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create distributed array (DMDA) to manage parallel grid and vectors
  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = DMDACreate1d(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, DM_BOUNDARY_NONE,-8,2,1,NULL,&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetFieldName(da,0,"rho");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDASetFieldName(da,1,"c");CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Extract global vectors from DMDA; then duplicate for remaining
     vectors that are the same types
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = DMCreateGlobalVector(da,&U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSROSW);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDM(ts,da);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,IFunction,&appctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);


  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = InitialConditions(da,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set solver options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.0001);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,PETSC_DEFAULT,1.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Solve nonlinear system
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Free work space.  All PETSc objects should be destroyed when they
     are no longer needed.
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = VecDestroy(&U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = DMDestroy(&da);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  PetscFunctionReturn(0);
}

/*
   FormFunction - Evaluates the function and corresponding gradient.

   Input Parameters:
   tao - the Tao context
   X   - the input vector
   ptr - optional user-defined context, as set by TaoSetObjectiveAndGradientRoutine()

   Output Parameters:
   f   - the newly evaluated function
*/
PetscErrorCode FormFunction(Tao tao,Vec P,PetscReal *f,void *ctx0)
{
  AppCtx         *ctx = (AppCtx*)ctx0;
  TS             ts;

  Vec            U;             /* solution will be stored here */
  Mat            A;             /* Jacobian matrix */
  Mat            Jacp;          /* Jacobian matrix */
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscInt       n = 2;
  PetscReal      ftime;
  PetscInt       steps;
  PetscScalar    *u;
  PetscScalar    *x_ptr,*y_ptr;
  Vec            lambda[1],q,mu[1];

  ierr = VecGetArray(P,&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ctx->Pm = x_ptr[0];
  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Create necessary matrix and vectors
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetSizes(A,n,n,PETSC_DETERMINE,PETSC_DETERMINE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetType(A,MATDENSE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetFromOptions(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetUp(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreateVecs(A,&U,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&Jacp);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetSizes(Jacp,PETSC_DECIDE,PETSC_DECIDE,2,1);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetFromOptions(Jacp);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetUp(Jacp);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSBEULER);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,(TSIFunction) IFunction,ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIJacobian(ts,A,A,(TSIJacobian)IJacobian,ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_MATCHSTEP);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = VecGetArray(U,&u);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  u[0] = PetscAsinScalar(ctx->Pm/ctx->Pmax);
  u[1] = 1.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(U,&u);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Save trajectory of solution so that TSAdjointSolve() may be used
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetSaveTrajectory(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set solver options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,PETSC_DEFAULT,10.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.01);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Solve nonlinear system
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetTimeStepNumber(ts,&steps);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Adjoint model starts here
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatCreateVecs(A,&lambda[0],NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /*   Set initial conditions for the adjoint integration */
  ierr = VecGetArray(lambda[0],&y_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  y_ptr[0] = 0.0; y_ptr[1] = 0.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(lambda[0],&y_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreateVecs(Jacp,&mu[0],NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecGetArray(mu[0],&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  x_ptr[0] = -1.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(mu[0],&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSAdjointSetCostGradients(ts,1,lambda,mu);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSAdjointSetRHSJacobian(ts,Jacp,RHSJacobianP,ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

//.........这里部分代码省略.........
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSRK);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetRHSFunction(ts,NULL,(TSRHSFunction)RHSFunction,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetRHSJacobian(ts,A,A,(TSRHSJacobian)RHSJacobian,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_MATCHSTEP);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Save trajectory of solution so that TSAdjointSolve() may be used
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetSaveTrajectory(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreateVecs(A,&lambda[0],NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  /*   Set initial conditions for the adjoint integration */
  ierr = VecGetArray(lambda[0],&y_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  y_ptr[0] = 0.0; y_ptr[1] = 0.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(lambda[0],&y_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreateVecs(Jacp,&mu[0],NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecGetArray(mu[0],&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  x_ptr[0] = -1.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(mu[0],&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetCostGradients(ts,1,lambda,mu);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetCostIntegrand(ts,1,(PetscErrorCode (*)(TS,PetscReal,Vec,Vec,void*))CostIntegrand,
                                        (PetscErrorCode (*)(TS,PetscReal,Vec,Vec*,void*))DRDYFunction,
                                        (PetscErrorCode (*)(TS,PetscReal,Vec,Vec*,void*))DRDPFunction,PETSC_TRUE,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set solver options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,PETSC_DEFAULT,10.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.01);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Solve nonlinear system
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  if (ensemble) {
    for (du[1] = -2.5; du[1] <= .01; du[1] += .1) {
      ierr = VecGetArray(U,&u);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      u[0] = PetscAsinScalar(ctx.Pm/ctx.Pmax);
      u[1] = ctx.omega_s;
      u[0] += du[0];
      u[1] += du[1];
      ierr = VecRestoreArray(U,&u);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.01);CHKERRQ(ierr);
      ierr = TSSolve(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    }
  } else {
    ierr = TSSolve(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = VecView(U,PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetTimeStepNumber(ts,&steps);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Adjoint model starts here
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  /*   Set initial conditions for the adjoint integration */
  ierr = VecGetArray(lambda[0],&y_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  y_ptr[0] = 0.0; y_ptr[1] = 0.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(lambda[0],&y_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = VecGetArray(mu[0],&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  x_ptr[0] = -1.0;
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(mu[0],&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /*   Set RHS JacobianP */
  ierr = TSAdjointSetRHSJacobian(ts,Jacp,RHSJacobianP,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = TSAdjointSolve(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"\n sensitivity wrt initial conditions: d[Psi(tf)]/d[phi0]  d[Psi(tf)]/d[omega0]\n");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(lambda[0],PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(mu[0],PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetCostIntegral(ts,&q);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecView(q,PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecGetArray(q,&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscPrintf(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,"\n cost function=%g\n",(double)(x_ptr[0]-ctx.Pm));CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecRestoreArray(q,&x_ptr);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = ComputeSensiP(lambda[0],mu[0],&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Free work space.  All PETSc objects should be destroyed when they are no longer needed.
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatDestroy(&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatDestroy(&Jacp);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&lambda[0]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&mu[0]);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  return(0);
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  TS             ts;            /* ODE integrator */
  Vec            U;             /* solution will be stored here */
  Mat            A;             /* Jacobian matrix */
  PetscErrorCode ierr;
  PetscMPIInt    size;
  PetscInt       n = 2;
  AppCtx         ctx;
  PetscScalar    *u;

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Initialize program
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);if (ierr) return ierr;
  ierr = MPI_Comm_size(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (size > 1) SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Only for sequential runs");

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Create necessary matrix and vectors
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetSizes(A,n,n,PETSC_DETERMINE,PETSC_DETERMINE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetFromOptions(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetUp(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatCreateVecs(A,&U,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Set runtime options
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = PetscOptionsBegin(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,NULL,"Reaction options","");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  {
    ctx.omega_s = 1.0;
    ierr        = PetscOptionsScalar("-omega_s","","",ctx.omega_s,&ctx.omega_s,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ctx.H       = 1.0;
    ierr        = PetscOptionsScalar("-H","","",ctx.H,&ctx.H,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ctx.E       = 1.0;
    ierr        = PetscOptionsScalar("-E","","",ctx.E,&ctx.E,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ctx.V       = 1.0;
    ierr        = PetscOptionsScalar("-V","","",ctx.V,&ctx.V,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ctx.X       = 1.0;
    ierr        = PetscOptionsScalar("-X","","",ctx.X,&ctx.X,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);

    ierr = VecGetArray(U,&u);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    u[0] = 1;
    u[1] = .7;
    ierr = VecRestoreArray(U,&u);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    ierr = PetscOptionsGetVec(NULL,NULL,"-initial",U,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = PetscOptionsEnd();CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = PetscRandomCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ctx.rand);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscRandomSetFromOptions(ctx.rand);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSROSW);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,(TSIFunction) IFunction,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIJacobian(ts,A,A,(TSIJacobian)IJacobian,&ctx);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set solver options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,100000,2000.0);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetExactFinalTime(ts,TS_EXACTFINALTIME_STEPOVER);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.001);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Solve nonlinear system
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,U);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Free work space.  All PETSc objects should be destroyed when they are no longer needed.
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatDestroy(&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDestroy(&U);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSDestroy(&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscRandomDestroy(&ctx.rand);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFinalize();
  return ierr;
}

int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
  PetscFunctionList plist = NULL;
  char              pname[256];
  TS                ts;            /* nonlinear solver */
  Vec               x,r;           /* solution, residual vectors */
  Mat               A;             /* Jacobian matrix */
  Problem           problem;
  PetscBool         use_monitor;
  PetscInt          steps,maxsteps = 1000,nonlinits,linits,snesfails,rejects;
  PetscReal         ftime;
  MonitorCtx        mon;
  PetscErrorCode    ierr;
  PetscMPIInt       size;

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Initialize program
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,(char*)0,help);
  ierr = MPI_Comm_size(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&size);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  if (size > 1) SETERRQ(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,PETSC_ERR_SUP,"Only for sequential runs");

  /* Register the available problems */
  ierr = PetscFunctionListAdd(&plist,"rober",&RoberCreate);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFunctionListAdd(&plist,"ce",&CECreate);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscFunctionListAdd(&plist,"orego",&OregoCreate);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = PetscStrcpy(pname,"ce");CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Set runtime options
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = PetscOptionsBegin(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,NULL,"Timestepping benchmark options","");CHKERRQ(ierr);
  {
    ierr        = PetscOptionsFList("-problem_type","Name of problem to run","",plist,pname,pname,sizeof(pname),NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    use_monitor = PETSC_FALSE;
    ierr        = PetscOptionsBool("-monitor_error","Display errors relative to exact solutions","",use_monitor,&use_monitor,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }
  ierr = PetscOptionsEnd();CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* Create the new problem */
  ierr          = PetscNew(&problem);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  problem->comm = MPI_COMM_WORLD;
  {
    PetscErrorCode (*pcreate)(Problem);

    ierr = PetscFunctionListFind(plist,pname,&pcreate);CHKERRQ(ierr);
    if (!pcreate) SETERRQ1(PETSC_COMM_SELF,1,"No problem '%s'",pname);
    ierr = (*pcreate)(problem);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    Create necessary matrix and vectors
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = MatCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetSizes(A,problem->n,problem->n,PETSC_DETERMINE,PETSC_DETERMINE);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetFromOptions(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = MatSetUp(A);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  ierr = MatGetVecs(A,&x,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = VecDuplicate(x,&r);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  mon.comm    = PETSC_COMM_WORLD;
  mon.problem = problem;
  ierr        = VecDuplicate(x,&mon.x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Create timestepping solver context
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD,&ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetProblemType(ts,TS_NONLINEAR);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetType(ts,TSROSW);CHKERRQ(ierr); /* Rosenbrock-W */
  ierr = TSSetIFunction(ts,NULL,problem->function,problem->data);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetIJacobian(ts,A,A,problem->jacobian,problem->data);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetDuration(ts,maxsteps,problem->final_time);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetMaxStepRejections(ts,10);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetMaxSNESFailures(ts,-1);CHKERRQ(ierr); /* unlimited */
  if (use_monitor) {
    ierr = TSMonitorSet(ts,&MonitorError,&mon,NULL);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  }

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set initial conditions
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = (*problem->solution)(0,x,problem->data);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetInitialTimeStep(ts,0.0,.001);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSSetSolution(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Set runtime options
   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSetFromOptions(ts);CHKERRQ(ierr);

  /* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
     Solve nonlinear system
     - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - */
  ierr = TSSolve(ts,x);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetSolveTime(ts,&ftime);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetTimeStepNumber(ts,&steps);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetSNESFailures(ts,&snesfails);CHKERRQ(ierr);
  ierr = TSGetStepRejections(ts,&rejects);CHKERRQ(ierr);
//.........这里部分代码省略.........