C++ HR函数代码示例

void CrateApp::BuildGeometryBuffers()
{
    GeometryGenerator::MeshData box;

    GeometryGenerator geoGen;
    geoGen.CreateBox(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, box);

    // Cache the vertex offsets to each object in the concatenated vertex buffer.
    mBoxVertexOffset      = 0;

    // Cache the index count of each object.
    mBoxIndexCount      = box.Indices.size();

    // Cache the starting index for each object in the concatenated index buffer.
    mBoxIndexOffset      = 0;

    UINT totalVertexCount = box.Vertices.size();

    UINT totalIndexCount = mBoxIndexCount;

    //
    // Extract the vertex elements we are interested in and pack the
    // vertices of all the meshes into one vertex buffer.
    //

    std::vector<Vertex::Basic32> vertices(totalVertexCount);

    UINT k = 0;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < box.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k)
    {
        vertices[k].Pos    = box.Vertices[i].Position;
        vertices[k].Normal = box.Vertices[i].Normal;
        vertices[k].Tex    = box.Vertices[i].TexC;
    }

    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vbd;
    vbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
    vbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex::Basic32) * totalVertexCount;
    vbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    vbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    vbd.MiscFlags = 0;
    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vinitData;
    vinitData.pSysMem = &vertices[0];
    HR(md3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&vbd, &vinitData, &mBoxVB));

    //
    // Pack the indices of all the meshes into one index buffer.
    //

    std::vector<UINT> indices;
    indices.insert(indices.end(), box.Indices.begin(), box.Indices.end());

    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC ibd;
    ibd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
    ibd.ByteWidth = sizeof(UINT) * totalIndexCount;
    ibd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    ibd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    ibd.MiscFlags = 0;
    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
    iinitData.pSysMem = &indices[0];
    HR(md3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&ibd, &iinitData, &mBoxIB));
}

void wam::BuildGeometryBuffers()
{


	GeometryGenerator geoGen;

	geoGen.CreateGrid(20.0f, 30.0f, 60, 40, grid);
	geoGen.CreateSphere(0.5f, 20, 20, sphere);
	//geoGen.CreateGeosphere(0.5f, 2, sphere);
	geoGen.CreateCylinder(0.5f, 0.3f, 3.0f, 20, 20, cylinder);

	// Cache the vertex offsets to each object in the concatenated vertex buffer.
	mGridVertexOffset     = 0;
	mSphereVertexOffset   = mGridVertexOffset + grid.Vertices.size();
	mCylinderVertexOffset = mSphereVertexOffset + sphere.Vertices.size();

	// Cache the index count of each object.
	mGridIndexCount     = grid.Indices.size();
	mSphereIndexCount   = sphere.Indices.size();
	mCylinderIndexCount = cylinder.Indices.size();

	// Cache the starting index for each object in the concatenated index buffer.
	mGridIndexOffset     = 0;
	mSphereIndexOffset   = mGridIndexOffset + mGridIndexCount;
	mCylinderIndexOffset = mSphereIndexOffset + mSphereIndexCount;
	
	UINT totalVertexCount = 
		grid.Vertices.size() + 
		sphere.Vertices.size() +
		cylinder.Vertices.size();

	UINT totalIndexCount = 
		mGridIndexCount + 
		mSphereIndexCount +
		mCylinderIndexCount;

	//
	// Extract the vertex elements we are interested in and pack the
	// vertices of all the meshes into one vertex buffer.
	//

	std::vector<Vertex> vertices(totalVertexCount);

	XMFLOAT4 black(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

	UINT k = 0;

	for(size_t i = 0; i < grid.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k)
	{
		vertices[k].Pos   = grid.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = black;
	}

	for(size_t i = 0; i < sphere.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k)
	{
		vertices[k].Pos   = sphere.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = black;
	}

	for(size_t i = 0; i < cylinder.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k)
	{
		vertices[k].Pos   = cylinder.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = black;
	}

    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vbd;
    vbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
    vbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * totalVertexCount;
    vbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    vbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    vbd.MiscFlags = 0;
    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vinitData;
    vinitData.pSysMem = &vertices[0];
    HR(md3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&vbd, &vinitData, &mVB));

	//
	// Pack the indices of all the meshes into one index buffer.
	//

	std::vector<UINT> indices;
	indices.insert(indices.end(), grid.Indices.begin(), grid.Indices.end());
	indices.insert(indices.end(), sphere.Indices.begin(), sphere.Indices.end());
	indices.insert(indices.end(), cylinder.Indices.begin(), cylinder.Indices.end());

	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC ibd;
    ibd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
    ibd.ByteWidth = sizeof(UINT) * totalIndexCount;
    ibd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    ibd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    ibd.MiscFlags = 0;
    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
    iinitData.pSysMem = &indices[0];
    HR(md3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&ibd, &iinitData, &mIB));

}

WaterDemo::WaterDemo(HINSTANCE hInstance, std::string winCaption, D3DDEVTYPE devType, DWORD requestedVP)
    : D3DApp(hInstance, winCaption, devType, requestedVP)
{
    if(!checkDeviceCaps())
    {
        MessageBox(0, "checkDeviceCaps() Failed", 0, 0);
        PostQuitMessage(0);
    }

    InitAllVertexDeclarations();

    mLight.dirW = D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, -2.0f, -1.0f);
    D3DXVec3Normalize(&mLight.dirW, &mLight.dirW);
    mLight.ambient = D3DXCOLOR(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
    mLight.diffuse = D3DXCOLOR(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
    mLight.spec    = D3DXCOLOR(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f);

    mGfxStats = new GfxStats();
    mSky = new Sky("grassenvmap1024.dds", 10000.0f);

    D3DXMATRIX waterWorld;
    D3DXMatrixTranslation(&waterWorld, 0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f);

    Mtrl waterMtrl;
    waterMtrl.ambient   = D3DXCOLOR(0.26f, 0.23f, 0.3f, 0.90f);
    waterMtrl.diffuse   = D3DXCOLOR(0.26f, 0.23f, 0.3f, 0.90f);
    waterMtrl.spec      = 1.0f*WHITE;
    waterMtrl.specPower = 64.0f;

    Water::InitInfo waterInitInfo;
    waterInitInfo.dirLight = mLight;
    waterInitInfo.mtrl     = waterMtrl;
    waterInitInfo.vertRows         = 128;
    waterInitInfo.vertCols         = 128;
    waterInitInfo.dx               = 1.0f;
    waterInitInfo.dz               = 1.0f;
    waterInitInfo.waveMapFilename0 = "wave0.dds";
    waterInitInfo.waveMapFilename1 = "wave1.dds";
    waterInitInfo.waveMapVelocity0 = D3DXVECTOR2(0.05f, 0.08f);
    waterInitInfo.waveMapVelocity1 = D3DXVECTOR2(-0.02f, 0.1f);
    waterInitInfo.texScale = 16.0f;
    waterInitInfo.toWorld = waterWorld;

    mWater = new Water(waterInitInfo);
    mWater->setEnvMap(mSky->getEnvMap());

    ID3DXMesh* tempMesh = 0;
    LoadXFile("BasicColumnScene.x", &tempMesh, mSceneMtrls, mSceneTextures);

    // Get the vertex declaration for the NMapVertex.
    D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 elems[MAX_FVF_DECL_SIZE];
    UINT numElems = 0;
    HR(NMapVertex::Decl->GetDeclaration(elems, &numElems));

    // Clone the mesh to the NMapVertex format.
    ID3DXMesh* clonedTempMesh = 0;
    HR(tempMesh->CloneMesh(D3DXMESH_MANAGED, elems, gd3dDevice, &clonedTempMesh));

    // Now use D3DXComputeTangentFrameEx to build the TNB-basis for each vertex
    // in the mesh.

    HR(D3DXComputeTangentFrameEx(
           clonedTempMesh, // Input mesh
           D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 0, // Vertex element of input tex-coords.
           D3DDECLUSAGE_BINORMAL, 0, // Vertex element to output binormal.
           D3DDECLUSAGE_TANGENT, 0,  // Vertex element to output tangent.
           D3DDECLUSAGE_NORMAL, 0,   // Vertex element to output normal.
           0, // Options
           0, // Adjacency
           0.01f, 0.25f, 0.01f, // Thresholds for handling errors
           &mSceneMesh, // Output mesh
           0));         // Vertex Remapping

    // Done with temps.
    ReleaseCOM(tempMesh);
    ReleaseCOM(clonedTempMesh);

    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mSceneWorld);
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mSceneWorldInv);

    HR(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(gd3dDevice, "floor_nmap.bmp", &mSceneNormalMaps[0]));
    HR(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(gd3dDevice, "bricks_nmap.bmp", &mSceneNormalMaps[1]));

    HR(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(gd3dDevice, "whitetex.dds", &mWhiteTex));

    // Initialize camera.
    gCamera->pos().y = 7.0f;
    gCamera->pos().z = -30.0f;
    gCamera->setSpeed(10.0f);

    mGfxStats->addVertices(mSceneMesh->GetNumVertices());
    mGfxStats->addTriangles(mSceneMesh->GetNumFaces());

    mGfxStats->addVertices(mWater->getNumVertices());
    mGfxStats->addTriangles(mWater->getNumTriangles());

    mGfxStats->addVertices(mSky->getNumVertices());
    mGfxStats->addTriangles(mSky->getNumTriangles());


//.........这里部分代码省略.........

void Terrain::onLostDevice()
{
	HR(mFX->OnLostDevice());
}

void LightDemo::DrawScene()
{
    m_dxImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView.Get(), reinterpret_cast<const float*>(&oc::Colors::LightSteelBlue));
    m_dxImmediateContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView.Get(), D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH|D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0);

	m_dxImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout(m_inputLayout.Get());
    m_dxImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);

	uint32 stride = sizeof(Vertex);
    uint32 offset = 0;

	// Set constants
	XMMATRIX view  = XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_view);
	XMMATRIX proj  = XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_proj);
	XMMATRIX viewProj  = view*proj;

    // Set per frame constants.
	m_fxDirLight->SetRawValue(&m_dirLight, 0, sizeof(m_dirLight));
	m_fxPointLight->SetRawValue(&m_pointLight, 0, sizeof(m_pointLight));
	m_fxSpotLight->SetRawValue(&m_spotLight, 0, sizeof(m_spotLight));
	m_fxEyePosW->SetRawValue(&m_camPosition, 0, sizeof(m_camPosition));
 
    D3DX11_TECHNIQUE_DESC techDesc;
    m_tech->GetDesc(&techDesc);
    for(uint32 p = 0; p < techDesc.Passes; ++p)
    {
        //Draw the land
        m_dxImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, m_landVB.GetAddressOf(), &stride, &offset);
        m_dxImmediateContext->IASetIndexBuffer(m_landIB.Get(), DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);

        //Set per object constants
        XMMATRIX world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_landWorld);
        XMMATRIX worldInvTranspose = MathHelper::InverseTranspose(world);
        XMMATRIX worldViewProj = world*viewProj;

		m_fxWorld->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&world));
		m_fxWorldInvTranspose->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&worldInvTranspose));
		m_fxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&worldViewProj));
        m_fxMaterial->SetRawValue(&m_landMat, 0, sizeof(m_landMat));

        m_tech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, m_dxImmediateContext.Get());
        m_dxImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(m_landIndexCount, 0, 0);

        //Draw the wave
        m_dxImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, m_wavesVB.GetAddressOf(), &stride, &offset);
        m_dxImmediateContext->IASetIndexBuffer(m_wavesIB.Get(), DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);

        world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_wavesWorld);
        worldInvTranspose = MathHelper::InverseTranspose(world);
        worldViewProj = world*viewProj;

		m_fxWorld->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&world));
		m_fxWorldInvTranspose->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&worldInvTranspose));
		m_fxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&worldViewProj));
        m_fxMaterial->SetRawValue(&m_wavesMat, 0, sizeof(m_wavesMat));

        m_tech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, m_dxImmediateContext.Get());
        m_dxImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(3*m_waves.TriangleCount(), 0, 0);
    }

	HR(m_swapChain->Present(0, 0));
}

void Shape::BuildGeometryBuffers()
{
	GeometryGenerator::MeshData grid;
	GeometryGenerator::MeshData box;
	GeometryGenerator::MeshData sphere;
	GeometryGenerator::MeshData cylinder;

	GeometryGenerator geoGen;
	geoGen.CreateGrid(20.0f, 30.0f, 60, 40, grid);
	geoGen.CreateBox(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, box);
	geoGen.CreateGeosphere(0.5f, 3, sphere);
	//geoGen.CreateSphere(1.0f, 30, 30, sphere);
	geoGen.CreateCylinder(0.5f, 0.3f, 3.0f, 30, 30, cylinder);

	mGridVertexOffset		= 0;
	mBoxVertexOffset		= grid.Vertices.size();
	mSphereVertexOffset		= mBoxVertexOffset + box.Vertices.size();
	mCylinderVertexOffset	= mSphereVertexOffset + sphere.Vertices.size();

	mGridIndexCount			= grid.Indices.size();
	mBoxIndexCount			= box.Indices.size();
	mSphereIndexCount		= sphere.Indices.size();
	mCylinderIndexCount		= cylinder.Indices.size();

	mGridIndexOffset		= 0;
	mBoxIndexOffset			= mGridIndexCount;
	mSphereIndexOffset		= mBoxIndexOffset + mBoxIndexCount;
	mCylinderIndexOffset	= mSphereIndexOffset + mSphereIndexCount;

	UINT totalVertexCount =
		box.Vertices.size() +
		grid.Vertices.size() +
		sphere.Vertices.size() +
		cylinder.Vertices.size();

	UINT totalIndexCount =
		mBoxIndexCount +
		mGridIndexCount +
		mSphereIndexCount +
		mCylinderIndexCount;
#pragma region Create Vertices Buffer
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices(totalVertexCount);
	XMFLOAT4 color = *(XMFLOAT4*)&Colors::Red;

	UINT k = 0;
	for ( size_t i = 0; i < grid.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k )
	{
		vertices[k].Pos = grid.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = *(XMFLOAT4*)&Colors::Blue;
	}

	for ( size_t i = 0; i < box.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k )
	{
		vertices[k].Pos = box.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = *(XMFLOAT4*)&Colors::Magenta;
	}

	for ( size_t i = 0; i < sphere.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k )
	{
		vertices[k].Pos = sphere.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = *(XMFLOAT4*)&Colors::Yellow;
	}

	for ( size_t i = 0; i < cylinder.Vertices.size(); ++i, ++k )
	{
		vertices[k].Pos = cylinder.Vertices[i].Position;
		vertices[k].Color = *(XMFLOAT4*)&Colors::Red;
	}

	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vbd;
	vbd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
	vbd.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex)*totalVertexCount;
	vbd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
	vbd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
	vbd.MiscFlags = 0;
	vbd.StructureByteStride = 0;
	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vinitData;
	vinitData.pSysMem = &vertices[0];
	HR(mD3DDevice->CreateBuffer(&vbd, &vinitData, &mShapeVB));
#pragma endregion

#pragma region Create Indices Buffer
	std::vector<UINT> indices;
	indices.clear();
	indices.insert(indices.end(), grid.Indices.begin(), grid.Indices.end());
	indices.insert(indices.end(), box.Indices.begin(), box.Indices.end());
	indices.insert(indices.end(), sphere.Indices.begin(), sphere.Indices.end());
	indices.insert(indices.end(), cylinder.Indices.begin(), cylinder.Indices.end());

	D3D11_BUFFER_DESC ibd;
	ibd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_IMMUTABLE;
	ibd.ByteWidth = sizeof(UINT)*totalIndexCount;
	ibd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
	ibd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
	ibd.MiscFlags = 0;
	ibd.StructureByteStride = 0;
	D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA iinitData;
	iinitData.pSysMem = &indices[0];
	HR(mD3DDevice->CreateBuffer(&ibd, &iinitData, &mShapeIB));
#pragma endregion
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name：DInputClass::Init(）
// Desc: 初始化DirectInput键盘及鼠标输入设备
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT DInputClass::Init( HWND hWnd,HINSTANCE hInstance,DWORD keyboardCoopFlags, DWORD mouseCoopFlags )
{
    HRESULT hr;
    //初始化一个IDirectInput8接口对象
    HR(DirectInput8Create( hInstance, DIRECTINPUT_VERSION,
                           IID_IDirectInput8,(void**)&m_pDirectInput,NULL ));

    //进行键盘设备的初始化
    HR( m_pDirectInput->CreateDevice( GUID_SysKeyboard, &m_KeyboardDevice, NULL ));
    HR( m_KeyboardDevice->SetCooperativeLevel( hWnd, keyboardCoopFlags));
    HR( m_KeyboardDevice->SetDataFormat( &c_dfDIKeyboard ));
    HR( m_KeyboardDevice->Acquire( ));
    HR( m_KeyboardDevice->Poll( ));

    //进行鼠标设备的初始化
    HR( m_pDirectInput->CreateDevice( GUID_SysMouse, &m_MouseDevice, NULL ));
    HR( m_MouseDevice->SetCooperativeLevel( hWnd,mouseCoopFlags));
    HR( m_MouseDevice->SetDataFormat( &c_dfDIMouse ));
    HR( m_MouseDevice->Acquire( ));
    HR( m_KeyboardDevice->Poll( ));

    return S_OK;
}

void StencilMirrorDemo::onLostDevice()
{
	mGfxStats->onLostDevice();
	HR(mFX->OnLostDevice());
}

void SkinnedMesh::buildSkinnedMesh(ID3DXMesh* mesh)
{
    //====================================================================
    // First add a normal component and 2D texture coordinates component.

    D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 elements[64];
    UINT numElements = 0;
    VertexPNT::Decl->GetDeclaration(elements, &numElements);

    ID3DXMesh* tempMesh = 0;
    HR(mesh->CloneMesh(D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM, elements, gd3dDevice, &tempMesh));

    if( !hasNormals(tempMesh) )
        HR(D3DXComputeNormals(tempMesh, 0));

    //====================================================================
    // Optimize the mesh; in particular, the vertex cache.
    DWORD* adj = new DWORD[tempMesh->GetNumFaces()*3];
    ID3DXBuffer* remap = 0;
    HR(tempMesh->GenerateAdjacency(EPSILON, adj));
    ID3DXMesh* optimizedTempMesh = 0;
    HR(tempMesh->Optimize(D3DXMESH_SYSTEMMEM | D3DXMESHOPT_VERTEXCACHE |
                          D3DXMESHOPT_ATTRSORT, adj, 0, 0, &remap, &optimizedTempMesh));

    ReleaseCOM(tempMesh); // Done w/ this mesh.
    delete[] adj;         // Done with buffer.

    // In the .X file (specifically the array DWORD vertexIndices[nWeights]
    // data member of the SkinWeights template) each bone has an array of
    // indices which identify the vertices of the mesh that the bone influences.
    // Because we have just rearranged the vertices (from optimizing), the vertex
    // indices of a bone are obviously incorrect (i.e., they index to vertices the bone
    // does not influence since we moved vertices around).  In order to update a bone's
    // vertex indices to the vertices the bone _does_ influence, we simply need to specify
    // where we remapped the vertices to, so that the vertex indices can be updated to
    // match.  This is done with the ID3DXSkinInfo::Remap method.
    HR(mSkinInfo->Remap(optimizedTempMesh->GetNumVertices(),
                        (DWORD*)remap->GetBufferPointer()));
    ReleaseCOM(remap); // Done with remap info.

    //====================================================================
    // The vertex format of the source mesh does not include vertex weights
    // nor bone index data, which are both needed for vertex blending.
    // Therefore, we must convert the source mesh to an "indexed-blended-mesh,"
    // which does have the necessary data.

    DWORD        numBoneComboEntries = 0;
    ID3DXBuffer* boneComboTable      = 0;
    HR(mSkinInfo->ConvertToIndexedBlendedMesh(optimizedTempMesh, D3DXMESH_MANAGED | D3DXMESH_WRITEONLY,
            MAX_NUM_BONES_SUPPORTED, 0, 0, 0, 0, &mMaxVertInfluences,
            &numBoneComboEntries, &boneComboTable, &mSkinnedMesh));

    ReleaseCOM(optimizedTempMesh); // Done with tempMesh.
    ReleaseCOM(boneComboTable); // Don't need bone table.

#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)
    // Output to the debug output the vertex declaration of the mesh at this point.
    // This is for insight only to see what exactly ConvertToIndexedBlendedMesh
    // does to the vertex declaration.
    D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 elems[MAX_FVF_DECL_SIZE];
    HR(mSkinnedMesh->GetDeclaration(elems));

    OutputDebugString("\nVertex Format After ConvertToIndexedBlendedMesh\n");
    int i = 0;
    while( elems[i].Stream != 0xff ) // While not D3DDECL_END()
    {
        if( elems[i].Type == D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT1)
            OutputDebugString("Type = D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT1; ");
        if( elems[i].Type == D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT2)
            OutputDebugString("Type = D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT2; ");
        if( elems[i].Type == D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3)
            OutputDebugString("Type = D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3; ");
        if( elems[i].Type == D3DDECLTYPE_UBYTE4)
            OutputDebugString("Type = D3DDECLTYPE_UBYTE4; ");

        if( elems[i].Usage == D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION)
            OutputDebugString("Usage = D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION\n");
        if( elems[i].Usage == D3DDECLUSAGE_BLENDWEIGHT)
            OutputDebugString("Usage = D3DDECLUSAGE_BLENDWEIGHT\n");
        if( elems[i].Usage == D3DDECLUSAGE_BLENDINDICES)
            OutputDebugString("Usage = D3DDECLUSAGE_BLENDINDICES\n");
        if( elems[i].Usage == D3DDECLUSAGE_NORMAL)
            OutputDebugString("Usage = D3DDECLUSAGE_NORMAL\n");
        if( elems[i].Usage == D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD)
            OutputDebugString("Usage = D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD\n");
        ++i;
    }
#endif
}

void GfxStats::onResetDevice()
{
	HR(mFont->OnResetDevice());
}

bool D3DApp::InitDirect3D()
{
	// Create the device and device context.

	UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG)  
    createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif

	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
	HRESULT hr = D3D11CreateDevice(
			0,						 // default adapter
			D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,// D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE - 3D hardware acceleration for rendering
			0,						 // no software driver
			createDeviceFlags, 
			0, 0,					 // default feature level array
			D3D11_SDK_VERSION,		 // This never changes
			&md3dDevice,			 // The now created device
			&featureLevel,			 // Greatest feature level supported
			&md3dImmediateContext);  // The now created device context

	if( FAILED(hr) )
	{
		MessageBox(0, L"D3D11CreateDevice Failed.", 0, 0);
		return false;
	}

	// This is the order that the feature levels are tried 
	if( featureLevel == D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0 )
	{
		printf("Using Direct3D Feature Level 11.0\n");
	}
	else if( featureLevel == D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_1 )
	{
		printf("Using Direct3D Feature Level 10.1\n");
	}
	else if( featureLevel == D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_10_0 )
	{
		printf("Using Direct3D Feature Level 10.0\n");
	}
	else if( featureLevel == D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_3 )
	{
		printf("Using Direct3D Feature Level 9.3\n");
	}
	else if( featureLevel == D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_2 )
	{
		printf("Using Direct3D Feature Level 9.2\n");
	}
	else if( featureLevel == D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_9_1 )
	{
		printf("Using Direct3D Feature Level 9.1\n");
	}

	// Check 4X MSAA quality support for our back buffer format.
	// All Direct3D 11 capable devices support 4X MSAA for all render 
	// target formats, so we only need to check quality support.

	HR(md3dDevice->CheckMultisampleQualityLevels(
		DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, 4, &m4xMsaaQuality));

	// If m4xMsaaQuality > 0 4x MSAA is supported
	//assert( m4xMsaaQuality > 0 );

	// Fill out a DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC to describe our swap chain.

	DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC sd;
	sd.BufferDesc.Width  = mClientWidth;
	sd.BufferDesc.Height = mClientHeight;
	sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 60;
	sd.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
	sd.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
	sd.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
	sd.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;

	// Use 4X MSAA? 
	if( mEnable4xMsaa )
	{
		sd.SampleDesc.Count   = 4;
		sd.SampleDesc.Quality = m4xMsaaQuality-1;
	}
	// No MSAA
	else
	{
		sd.SampleDesc.Count   = 1;
		sd.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
	}

	sd.BufferUsage  = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;  // Rendering to the back buffer
	sd.BufferCount  = 1;								// Number of back buffers
	sd.OutputWindow = mhMainWnd;						// Handle to the window we are rendering to
	sd.Windowed     = true;
	sd.SwapEffect   = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;         // Let the driver choose the most efficient method
	sd.Flags        = 0;

	// To correctly create the swap chain, we must use the IDXGIFactory that was
	// used to create the device.  If we tried to use a different IDXGIFactory instance
	// (by calling CreateDXGIFactory), we get an error: "IDXGIFactory::CreateSwapChain: 
	// This function is being called with a device from a different IDXGIFactory."

	IDXGIDevice* dxgiDevice = 0;
//.........这里部分代码省略.........

void GraphicsDevice::Present(void)
{
	HR(m_pSwapChain->Present(m_bUseVSync? 1 : 0,0));
}

void Shape::DrawScence()
{
	mD3DImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(mRenderTargetView, reinterpret_cast<const float*>( &Colors::Silver));
	mD3DImmediateContext->ClearDepthStencilView(mDepthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH | D3D11_CLEAR_STENCIL, 1.0f, 0);

	mD3DImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout(mInputLayout);
	mD3DImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);

	mD3DImmediateContext->RSSetState(mWireframeRS);

	UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);
	UINT offset = 0;
	mD3DImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &mShapeVB, &stride, &offset);
	mD3DImmediateContext->IASetIndexBuffer(mShapeIB, DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT, 0);

	XMMATRIX view = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mView);
	XMMATRIX proj = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mProj);
	XMMATRIX viewProj = view*proj;

	D3DX11_TECHNIQUE_DESC techDesc;
	mTech->GetDesc(&techDesc);
	for ( UINT p = 0; p < techDesc.Passes; ++p )
	{
		// Draw the grid.
		XMMATRIX world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mGridWorld);
		mfxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&(world*viewProj)));
		mTech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, mD3DImmediateContext);
		mD3DImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(mGridIndexCount, mGridIndexOffset, mGridVertexOffset);

		// Draw the box.
		world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mBoxWorld);
		mfxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&(world*viewProj)));
		mTech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, mD3DImmediateContext);
		mD3DImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(mBoxIndexCount, mBoxIndexOffset, mBoxVertexOffset);

		// Draw center sphere.
		world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mCenterSphereWorld);
		mfxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&(world*viewProj)));
		mTech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, mD3DImmediateContext);
		mD3DImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(mSphereIndexCount, mSphereIndexOffset, mSphereVertexOffset);

		// Draw the cylinders.
		for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i )
		{
			world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mCylinderWorld[i]);
			mfxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&(world*viewProj)));
			mTech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, mD3DImmediateContext);
			mD3DImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(mCylinderIndexCount, mCylinderIndexOffset, mCylinderVertexOffset);
		}

		// Draw the spheres.
		for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i )
		{
			world = XMLoadFloat4x4(&mSphereWorld[i]);
			mfxWorldViewProj->SetMatrix(reinterpret_cast<float*>(&(world*viewProj)));
			mTech->GetPassByIndex(p)->Apply(0, mD3DImmediateContext);
			mD3DImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(mSphereIndexCount, mSphereIndexOffset, mSphereVertexOffset);
		}
	}

	HR(mSwapChain->Present(0, 0));
}

void Terrain::buildSubGridMesh(RECT& R, VertexPNT* gridVerts)
{
	//===============================================================
	// Get indices for subgrid (we don't use the verts here--the verts
	// are given by the parameter gridVerts).

	std::vector<D3DXVECTOR3> tempVerts;
	std::vector<DWORD> tempIndices;
	GenTriGrid(SubGrid::NUM_ROWS, SubGrid::NUM_COLS, mDX, mDZ, 
		D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), tempVerts, tempIndices);

	ID3DXMesh* subMesh = 0;
	D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 elems[MAX_FVF_DECL_SIZE];
	UINT numElems = 0;
	HR(VertexPNT::Decl->GetDeclaration(elems, &numElems));
	HR(D3DXCreateMesh(SubGrid::NUM_TRIS, SubGrid::NUM_VERTS, 
		D3DXMESH_MANAGED, elems, gd3dDevice, &subMesh));


	//===============================================================
	// Build Vertex Buffer.  Copy rectangle of vertices from the
	// grid into the subgrid structure.
	VertexPNT* v = 0;
	HR(subMesh->LockVertexBuffer(0, (void**)&v));
	int k = 0;
	for(int i = R.top; i <= R.bottom; ++i)
	{
		for(int j = R.left; j <= R.right; ++j)
		{
			v[k++] = gridVerts[i*mVertCols+j];
		}
	}

	//===============================================================
	// Compute the bounding box before unlocking the vertex buffer.
	AABB bndBox;
	HR(D3DXComputeBoundingBox((D3DXVECTOR3*)v, subMesh->GetNumVertices(), 
		sizeof(VertexPNT), &bndBox.minPt, &bndBox.maxPt));

	HR(subMesh->UnlockVertexBuffer());


	//===============================================================
	// Build Index and Attribute Buffer.
	WORD* indices  = 0;
	DWORD* attBuff = 0;
	HR(subMesh->LockIndexBuffer(0, (void**)&indices));
	HR(subMesh->LockAttributeBuffer(0, &attBuff));
	for(int i = 0; i < SubGrid::NUM_TRIS; ++i)
	{
		indices[i*3+0] = (WORD)tempIndices[i*3+0];
		indices[i*3+1] = (WORD)tempIndices[i*3+1];
		indices[i*3+2] = (WORD)tempIndices[i*3+2];

		attBuff[i] = 0; // All in subset 0.
	}
	HR(subMesh->UnlockIndexBuffer());
	HR(subMesh->UnlockAttributeBuffer());


	//===============================================================
	// Optimize for the vertex cache and build attribute table.
	DWORD* adj = new DWORD[subMesh->GetNumFaces()*3];
	HR(subMesh->GenerateAdjacency(EPSILON, adj));
	HR(subMesh->OptimizeInplace(D3DXMESHOPT_VERTEXCACHE|D3DXMESHOPT_ATTRSORT,
		adj, 0, 0, 0));
	delete[] adj;


	//===============================================================
	// Save the mesh and bounding box.
	mSubGridMeshes.push_back(subMesh);
	mSubGridBndBoxes.push_back(bndBox);
}

bool D3DApp::InitDirect3D() {

	// Begin to create device and swap chains
	UINT createDeviceFlags = 0;
#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG)  
	createDeviceFlags |= D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_DEBUG;
#endif

	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL  FeatureLevelsRequested = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
	UINT               numLevelsRequested = 1;
	D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL  FeatureLevelsSupported;

	// create a struct to hold information about the swap chain
	DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;

	// clear out the struct for use
	ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc));

	// fill the swap chain description struct
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width						= m_clientWidth;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height						= m_clientHeight;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator		= 60;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator	= 1;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format						= DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering			= DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
	swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling					= DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;
	if (m_enable4xMsaa) {
		swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count					= 4;
		swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality				= m_4xMsaaQuality - 1;
	} else {
		swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count					= 1;
		swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality				= 0;
	}
	swapChainDesc.BufferUsage							= DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
	swapChainDesc.BufferCount							= 1;
	swapChainDesc.OutputWindow							= window;
	swapChainDesc.Windowed								= true;
	swapChainDesc.SwapEffect							= DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
	swapChainDesc.Flags									= DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_MODE_SWITCH;

	hr = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(
		0,							// Default 0 Adapter
		D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE,	// Driver Type
		NULL,						// Software
		createDeviceFlags,			// Flags
		&FeatureLevelsRequested,	// Feature Levels Requested Pointer
		1,							// Number of Feature Levels
		D3D11_SDK_VERSION,			// D3D11_SDK_VERSION
		&swapChainDesc,				// Swap Chain Desciptions
		&m_swapChain,				// Swap Chain Pointer
		&m_d3dDevice,				// D3D Device
		&FeatureLevelsSupported,	// Return supported levels
		&m_d3dImmediateContext		// Device Context Pointer
	);	

	if ( FAILED(hr) ) {
		MessageBox(0, L"D3D11CreateDevice Failed.", 0, 0);
		return false;
	}

	if (FeatureLevelsSupported != D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0) {
		MessageBox(0, L"Direct3D Feature Level 11 unsupported.", 0, 0);
		return false;
	}

	HR(m_d3dDevice->CheckMultisampleQualityLevels(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, 4, &m_4xMsaaQuality));
	assert(m_4xMsaaQuality > 0);

	OnResize();

	return true;
}